T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3: Dani Rodrik<\/p>\n\n\n\n
C\u00f3 l\u1ebd ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o m\u00e0 v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ch\u1ed1ng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00ed h\u1eadu, l\u1ea1i v\u1eeba c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp trung l\u01b0u \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn, v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m ngh\u00e8o \u0111\u00f3i to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Theo c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hai m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau tr\u00ean d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau th\u1ee9 ba.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n CAMBRIDGE \u2013 V\u00e0o n\u0103m 2000, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i b\u00e1o mang t\u00ednh gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i m\u00e0 t\u00f4i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “b\u1ed9 ba b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 thi c\u1ee7a kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.” T\u00f4i cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u h\u00f3a, qu\u1ed1c gia, v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o c\u00f9ng nhau t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. C\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecdn (nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t) hai trong ba y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng cho r\u1eb1ng qu\u1ed1c gia s\u1ebd l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 nh\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ed7 v\u1ec1 l\u00e2u d\u00e0i, nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh. Trong ng\u1eafn h\u1ea1n, h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 s\u1ebd t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch t\u00e1i kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c gia, \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb do to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u h\u00f3a g\u00e2y ra.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0110\u00e1ng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 ba b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 thi n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng d\u00e0i l\u00e2u. Cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch The Globalization Paradox (Ngh\u1ecbch L\u00fd To\u00e0n C\u1ea7u H\u00f3a)<\/em> c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n sau \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1eadp k\u1ef7, \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00eam v\u1ec1 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 b\u1ed9 ba b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 thi n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1eefu \u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng d\u1eef d\u1ed9i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c si\u00eau to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u h\u00f3a, vi\u1ec7c n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi li\u00ean minh ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, s\u1ef1 tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady c\u1ee7a phe c\u00e1nh h\u1eefu, v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 t\u1ea1i EU, c\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n G\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ba b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 thi kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn t\u00f4i quan t\u00e2m. L\u1ea7n n\u00e0y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u00e1ng lo ng\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ch\u1ed1ng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00ed h\u1eadu, v\u1eeba c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp trung l\u01b0u \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn, v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m ngh\u00e8o \u0111\u00f3i to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Theo c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a hai m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1eb1ng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau th\u1ee9 ba.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Trong nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ea7u sau chi\u1ebfn tranh, c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i trong n\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u00e1c n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u1edbi quy m\u00f4 r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng d\u1ea7n m\u1edf c\u1eeda th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh cho h\u00e0ng xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u t\u1eeb c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ngh\u00e8o, mi\u1ec5n l\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng bao tr\u00f9m \u1edf c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia gi\u00e0u c\u00f3, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3m ngh\u00e8o \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00fang ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf qua c\u00e1c r\u1ee7i ro c\u1ee7a bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00ed h\u1eadu. Theo th\u1eddi gian, c\u00e1c h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u00e0 ph\u1edbt l\u1edd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n S\u1ef1 th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Keynes th\u1eddi h\u1eadu chi\u1ebfn \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c b\u1ecb l\u00e0m cho suy y\u1ebfu h\u01a1n b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 ba b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 thi m\u00e0 t\u00f4i ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0a ra. Khi vi\u1ec7c si\u00eau to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u h\u00f3a thay th\u1ebf m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh Bretton Woods tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn g\u1eb7p nhi\u1ec1u x\u00e1o tr\u1ed9n, l\u00e0m suy y\u1ebfu t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp trung l\u01b0u v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh c\u1ea3 n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. C\u1ea3 hai s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edbi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u1ede M\u1ef9, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Joe Biden \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c m\u1edbi m\u1ebb n\u00e0y. Ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf ra h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111i m\u1edbi b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0o n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p xanh \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i vi\u1ec7c bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00ed h\u1eadu. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, h\u1ecd c\u0169ng c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp trung l\u01b0u b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng quy\u1ec1n th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, t\u00e1i s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m \u1edf c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 b\u1edfi h\u00e0ng nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u t\u1eeb Trung Qu\u1ed1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n M\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung m\u1edbi v\u00e0o v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00ed h\u1eadu v\u00e0 t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp trung l\u01b0u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00e1 h\u1ea1n t\u1eeb l\u00e2u. Nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u1edf M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u coi l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u00e2n t\u1ef1 do, l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ngh\u00e8o nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111e d\u1ecda \u0111\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n v\u1ecdng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. C\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y th\u01b0\u1eddng mang t\u00ednh ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 \u0111e d\u1ecda lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n C\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p xanh \u1edf M\u1ef9 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba thay v\u00ec nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u. C\u01a1 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u00e1 carbon c\u1ee7a EU s\u1ebd s\u1edbm y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u \u201cb\u1ea9n\u201d t\u1eeb c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 th\u00eam thu\u1ebf. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ngh\u00e8o lo ng\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y s\u1ebd ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, theo ki\u1ec3u c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch thay th\u1ebf, t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ngh\u00e8o v\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00ed h\u1eadu. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n giao l\u1edbn c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 t\u1eeb B\u1eafc xu\u1ed1ng Nam \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho vi\u1ec7c th\u00edch \u1ee9ng v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m nh\u1eb9 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00ed h\u1eadu t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n N\u00f3 c\u0169ng s\u1ebd \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi vi\u1ec7c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 quy\u1ec1n ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a B\u1eafc b\u00e1n c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a, d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ngh\u00e8o \u1edf Nam b\u00e1n c\u1ea7u, nh\u1eb1m t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i kinh t\u1ebf cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y. C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c; n\u00f3 s\u1ebd \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u00f4ng l\u00fd c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft gia John Rawls \u1edf quy m\u00f4 to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Nh\u01b0ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, b\u1ed9 ba b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 thi l\u1ea1i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n theo m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c. C\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u1ecbch v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp trung l\u01b0u \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn. N\u00f3 s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 c\u1ea1nh tranh l\u1edbn h\u01a1n cho nh\u1eefng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc ho\u1eb7c chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n, l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m \u0111i m\u1ee9c l\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n cho \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o v\u1ed1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n May m\u1eafn thay, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 xung \u0111\u1ed9t n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 hi\u1ec7n ra khi nh\u00ecn \u1edf v\u1ebb b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 khi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u1edf c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ngh\u00e8o \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng \u0111a s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c trung l\u01b0u t\u1ed1t \u1edf t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. V\u00e0 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m ngh\u00e8o \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u1ebd ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y b\u1edfi vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5.<\/p>\n\n\n\n C\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u lao \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c, b\u00e1n l\u1ebb, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n kh\u00e1c h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i. Vi\u1ec7c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o ra c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 xung \u0111\u1ed9t gi\u1eefa y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp trung l\u01b0u \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f4ng nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 v\u1ebb b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 v\u1eady, s\u1ebd g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00ed h\u1eadu n\u1ebfu thi\u1ebfu \u0111i s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Trong khi l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i t\u1eeb M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3m, kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i t\u1eeb c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1eabn \u0111ang t\u0103ng, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p th\u00ec n\u00f3 t\u0103ng r\u1ea5t nhanh, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0o t\u1ed5ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u (kh\u00f4ng bao g\u1ed3m Trung Qu\u1ed1c) s\u1ebd s\u1edbm v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 50%. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Do \u0111\u00f3, v\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u00e0u n\u00ean th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i xanh m\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ngh\u00e8o coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n trong chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng chi ph\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00ed h\u1eadu l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n vong. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp trung l\u01b0u l\u1edbn v\u00e0 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 t\u1ef1 do. V\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m ngh\u00e8o to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c. S\u1ebd r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng lo ng\u1ea1i n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb b\u1ecf b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau n\u00e0o trong ba m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau n\u00e0y. Tuy nhi\u00ean, khung ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, d\u00f9 ng\u1ea5m ng\u1ea7m nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, \u0111ang t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ba b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 thi m\u00e0 kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua. \u0110\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng sang m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n h\u1eadu t\u00e2n t\u1ef1 do, ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n –<\/p>\n\n\n\n Dani Rodrik, Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Kinh t\u1ebf Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf t\u1ea1i Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Kennedy, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Harvard, l\u00e0 Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i Kinh t\u1ebf Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 l\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed1n Straight Talk on Trade: Ideas for a Sane World Economy<\/em> (N\u00f3i Th\u1eb3ng V\u1ec1 Th\u01b0\u01a1ng M\u1ea1i: Nh\u1eefng \u00dd T\u01b0\u1edfng Cho M\u1ed9t N\u1ec1n Kinh T\u1ebf Th\u1ebf Gi\u1edbi L\u00e0nh M\u1ea1nh, Nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n Princeton University Press, 2017).<\/p>\n\n\n\n