T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3: J. Bradford Delong<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Khi n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf M\u1ef9 g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1970, c\u00e1c l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u00e2n t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng c\u00e1c l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn k\u00eau g\u1ecdi theo \u0111u\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ngay c\u1ea3 khi v\u1eabn c\u00f2n tin t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0o c\u00e1c l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ed1n ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n do ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 d\u1eabn d\u1eaft, th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft c\u00f3 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n BERKELEY \u2013 Cu\u1ed1i nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1970, n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf M\u1ef9 d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111ang g\u1eb7p r\u1eafc r\u1ed1i nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng. Nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m l\u1ea1m ph\u00e1t \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n s\u00e2u s\u1eafc; t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3m t\u1eeb m\u1ee9c 2% m\u1ed7i n\u0103m sau Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn II xu\u1ed1ng g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 b\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng; v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng ch\u1ecbu c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c c\u00fa s\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ecba ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba kinh t\u1ebf c\u00f3 v\u1ebb \u0111ang suy y\u1ebfu. C\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t cho nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y r\u01a1i v\u00e0o hai h\u01b0\u1edbng: ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u00e2n t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng. Phe t\u00e2n t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u00e2n t\u1ef1 do k\u00eau g\u1ecdi thu nh\u1ecf quy m\u00f4 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u t\u1ed1i \u0111a c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh, h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf th\u1ef1c thi lu\u1eadt ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng kinh t\u1ebf nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i gi\u00e1 h\u1ee3p l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1i sinh doanh nghi\u1ec7p t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch \u201cnh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1o vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m.\u201d Gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i l\u00e0 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ebd lu\u00f4n mang l\u1ea1i k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. Tuy nhi\u00ean, s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn hi\u1ec7n nay l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i th\u1ea3m h\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec di\u1ec5n ra theo c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u00e2n t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh dung, ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u1ec1 b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng thu nh\u1eadp v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i trong b\u1ed1n th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 qua. Trong khi nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng coi \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i Ho\u00e0ng kim Th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, t\u00f4i th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng, v\u00e0 t\u00f4i tin r\u1eb1ng h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1edbi quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng, n\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u, v\u00ec l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn ch\u00ednh ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ecf ra kh\u00e1 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c. C\u00e1i l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng lu\u00f4n \u0111\u00fang, hay c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9. Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c “can thi\u1ec7p” c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra v\u00e0 t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 cho tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc, ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ebf quan v\u00e0 r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c \u201cng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p non tr\u1ebb\u201d \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia n\u1eafm b\u1eaft c\u00e1c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i kinh t\u1ebf do c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p mang l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n C\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t ai \u0111\u01b0a ra quan \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nghi\u00eam t\u00fac r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 sau Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 Hai l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 do kinh t\u1ebf to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n. Ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7 l\u1edbn l\u00e0 nh\u00f3m \u201c\u0111\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3u\u201d t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Chicago, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 t\u00ecnh b\u1ecf qua vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 M\u1ef9 k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1933 trong vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0, \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh nhu c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 cam k\u1ebft ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 cho nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7. Nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3 v\u1edd r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 kh\u00f4ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a khu v\u1ef1c c\u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ed1i tri th\u1ee9c khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u00e2n t\u00e0i v\u1ec1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u1ed1n r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c h\u00f3a \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Kh\u00f4ng, l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c duy nh\u1ea5t ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1980 (v\u00e0 cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay) l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 sau th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1970 thi\u1ebfu n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3. Nh\u01b0 Charles L. Schultze, c\u1ef1u ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng C\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n Kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 Tr\u1eafng, \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft trong s\u1ed1 m\u00f9a thu n\u0103m 1983 c\u1ee7a The Brookings Review<\/em>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n “Kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecdn tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p n\u00e0o s\u1ebd chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng, m\u00e0 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn s\u1ebd g\u00e2y ra nhi\u1ec1u thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i. C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 quan tr\u1ecdng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u2013 v\u00e0 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1 t\u1ed1t. Nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u2013 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 \u2013 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m t\u1ed1t l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn quan tr\u1ecdng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty, \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb, ho\u1eb7c khu v\u1ef1c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, \u0111\u1ec3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch l\u1ea1nh l\u00f9ng xem c\u00e1i n\u00e0o s\u1ebd th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1i n\u00e0o s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn nh\u01b0 v\u1eady ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u2013 v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u2013 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t ra ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n L\u1eadp lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y nh\u00ecn chung l\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c. C\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 kh\u00f4ng xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng, m\u00e0 b\u1edfi th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0, nh\u01b0 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngh\u1ecb s\u0129 Barbara Boxer t\u1eebng n\u00f3i, trong m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n l\u1ee1 l\u1eddi: \u201cB-2 mang theo m\u1ed9t qu\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1edbn [\u1edf bang c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i]\u201d (\u00fd b\u00e0 l\u00e0 t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng). Qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u c\u01a1 quan qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf c\u00f3 v\u1ebb \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd, ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t. Qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng k\u00ednh v\u00e0 th\u00e9p tr\u00ean Ph\u1ed1 K (trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00e0nh lang \u1edf Washington) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 b\u1edfi qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00f3m l\u1ee3i \u00edch v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh b\u1edfi qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 c\u1ef1u l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c tr\u1ee3 l\u00fd c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. L\u00e0m sao ph\u00e2n t\u00edch chi ph\u00ed-l\u1ee3i \u00edch theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a k\u1ef9 tr\u1ecb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t ra kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 b\u1ecbp b\u1ee3m \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng?<\/p>\n\n\n\n Tuy nhi\u00ean, hi\u1ec7n nay, Hoa K\u1ef3 c\u00f3 ba l\u00fd do quan tr\u1ecdng bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n. Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda ti\u1ec1m t\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00f3ng l\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi l\u1eddi k\u00eau g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a Al Gore g\u1ea7n n\u1eeda th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 nhu c\u1ea7u t\u00e1i \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf M\u1ef9 kh\u1ecfi t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh t\u1eadp trung t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c ven bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00e0i phi\u1ec7t sang s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp trung l\u01b0u v\u00e0 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c. Th\u1ee9 ba, Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch Trung Qu\u1ed1c T\u1eadp C\u1eadn B\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00e1c “kh\u00f4ng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n” v\u1edbi T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Nga Vladimir Putin ngay tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi Putin ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u00e0o Ukraine. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang tr\u1ea3i qua m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba kinh t\u1ebf m\u00e0, nh\u01b0 Adam Smith \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft trong The Wealth of Nations<\/em>, “qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng\u2026 quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n V\u00ec nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do n\u00e0y, c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch kinh t\u1ebf cho n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 hi\u1ec7n nay kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 li\u1ec7u ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 n\u00ean theo \u0111u\u1ed5i ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p hay kh\u00f4ng. Ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn. C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi, do \u0111\u00f3, l\u00e0: Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh Schultze \u0111\u00e3 sai?<\/p>\n\n\n\n –<\/p>\n\n\n\n J. Bradford DeLong, Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Kinh t\u1ebf t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc California, Berkeley, l\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c vi\u00ean nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7n Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Kinh t\u1ebf Qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 l\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed1n Slouching Towards Utopia: An Economic History of the Twentieth Century<\/em> (L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Kinh t\u1ebf Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20: \u0110i v\u1ec1 Utopia, Nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n Basic Books, 2022). \u00d4ng t\u1eebng l\u00e0 Ph\u00f3 Tr\u1ee3 l\u00fd B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng B\u1ed9 T\u00e0i ch\u00ednh Hoa K\u1ef3 d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Clinton, n\u01a1i \u00f4ng tham gia s\u00e2u v\u00e0o c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i. Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf g\u00f3i c\u1ee9u tr\u1ee3 Mexico trong cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng peso n\u0103m 1994 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a \u00f4ng l\u00ean tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u trong vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n m\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 Latinh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf m\u1edf, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 v\u1ecb th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch kinh t\u1ebf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n