{"id":765,"date":"2024-11-11T04:11:09","date_gmt":"2024-11-11T04:11:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/phongtraoduytan.com\/?p=765"},"modified":"2024-11-11T04:11:09","modified_gmt":"2024-11-11T04:11:09","slug":"bo-ao-moi-doi-tra-cua-chinh-sach-cong-nghiep","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/diendanduytan.com\/?p=765","title":{"rendered":"B\u1ed9 \u00e1o m\u1edbi d\u1ed1i tr\u00e1 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u: Theo Raghuram G. Rajan, ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch can thi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0o n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng mang l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ee3i \u00edch. <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3: Raghuram G. Rajan <\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u1ebfu “chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p” m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb c\u00f4ng t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n, th\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u1eefu \u00edch. Nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 nguy hi\u1ec3m khi chuy\u1ec3n sang khu v\u1ef1c t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n, n\u01a1i m\u00e0 c\u00e1c can thi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m suy y\u1ebfu c\u1ea1nh tranh, g\u00e2y r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n c\u00e1c t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

CHICAGO \u2013 M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 hi\u1ec7n nay c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c \u1edf kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi nh\u01b0 l\u1eddi nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u1eabn \u0111ang theo \u0111u\u1ed5i c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p, quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c then ch\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eafm gi\u1eef b\u1edfi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty trong n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n trong n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vi\u1ec7n d\u1eabn th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u01b0a ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ean m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1960, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng tham v\u1ecdng c\u00f2n l\u1edbn lao h\u01a1n, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean n\u00f3 th\u00e0nh “chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p.” C\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng m\u00e0 n\u00f3i, chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p mang \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng h\u1ee3p l\u00fd khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc trong nh\u1eefng l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c m\u00e0 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t. B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u1ea5p b\u00e1ch, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 gi\u1ea3m m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00e1t th\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2035, nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia nh\u1ecf th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c \u201cs\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh\u201d c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau r\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f9ng tham gia th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, vi\u1ec5n c\u1ea3nh v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y quan li\u00eau m\u1edbi kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng trung \u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n b\u1edfi c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia (c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 lu\u00f4n t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ed7 cho m\u00ecnh!) \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ed1i m\u1ecdi nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 (m\u1ed7i nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh), kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7t qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ed1i t\u1eeb tr\u00ean xu\u1ed1ng qua c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ng\u00e0nh, khu v\u1ef1c t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n, c\u00e1c li\u00ean \u0111o\u00e0n v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n s\u1ef1, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 \u0111\u00f4i khi t\u1ecf ra l\u1ea1c quan m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ng\u00e2y th\u01a1 v\u1ec1 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y quan li\u00eau ho\u1eb7c s\u1ef1 v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng tranh ch\u1ea5p n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9. Khi di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i gi\u1ea5c m\u01a1 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1edbi (neo statist) c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, h\u1ecd \u0111ang trao quy\u1ec1n cho b\u1ea3n n\u0103ng c\u1ed1 h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 trong vi\u1ec7c can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, mi\u1ec5n l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u00f4ng t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n, th\u00ec n\u00f3 v\u1ec1 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 h\u1eefu \u00edch. Nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 nguy hi\u1ec3m khi c\u1ed5 x\u00fay vi\u1ec7c can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0o khu v\u1ef1c t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n. V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p, kho\u1ea3n vay, \u01b0u \u0111\u00e3i thu\u1ebf, thu\u1ebf quan, mua s\u1eafm c\u00f4ng, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c, c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c huy \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 theo \u0111u\u1ed5i kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau kinh t\u1ebf m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u00e0y l\u00e0m suy y\u1ebfu c\u1ea1nh tranh, g\u00e2y r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n c\u00e1c t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3, v\u00e0 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 theo nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau ch\u00ed ngo\u00e0i kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng sinh l\u1eddi, bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i \u00edch d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c h\u1eb9p h\u00f2i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00ec nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do n\u00e0y, chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u2013 ngay c\u1ea3 khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1edbi \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u2013 lu\u00f4n l\u00e0m suy gi\u1ea3m s\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n. Th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00e0nh lang, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a th\u00e2n h\u1eefu v\u00e0 tham nh\u0169ng xung quanh b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 n\u01a1i c\u00f3 h\u00e0ng t\u1ef7 \u0111\u00f4 la \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p, th\u00ec kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tin r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng cho nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p (xin l\u1ed7i, chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1edfi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh l\u1ee3i \u00edch qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nhu c\u1ea7u to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u hay c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. \u0110\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1i sao \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, h\u00e3y nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t chip. Hi\u1ec7n nay, m\u1ecdi qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 quy m\u00f4 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ee3p l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec1u mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t chip trong n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 kh\u1ecfi t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng thi\u1ebfu h\u1ee5t to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u00f3 chi\u1ebfn tranh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u01b0ng l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c t\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea1i. V\u00ec kh\u00f4ng qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i chip m\u00e0 ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh c\u1ea7n, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u1ebd tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu h\u1ee5t. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, n\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu h\u1ee5t mang t\u00ednh to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 l\u00fd do to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u cho \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea1i d\u1ecbch. T\u1ea1i sao nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t chip trong n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mi\u1ec5n nhi\u1ec5m?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Khi c\u00f3 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 do v\u1ec1 chip \u2013 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y b\u1edfi gi\u00e1 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn \u2013 ngu\u1ed3n cung s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01a1i c\u00f3 nhu c\u1ea7u l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t. Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00ec h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t chip trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i. T\u00f4i vi\u1ebft “c\u00f3 th\u1ec3” v\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ecb d\u1eadp t\u1eaft ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n. M\u1ed7i qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng chip m\u00e0 h\u1ecd s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 bu\u00f4n l\u1eadu. Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng chip g\u1eb7p t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng thi\u1ebfu h\u1ee5t nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng (v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 gi\u00e1 cao), \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u0103n chip b\u1ecb bu\u00f4n l\u1eadu t\u1eeb c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia d\u01b0 th\u1eeba sang c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia thi\u1ebfu h\u1ee5t? Ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 g\u1ea7n gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi chi ph\u00ed cao h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u00fd do an ninh qu\u1ed1c gia c\u0169ng g\u1eb7p v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1. D\u00f9 Nga b\u1ecb c\u1ea5m v\u1eadn nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t b\u1edfi ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t chip, h\u1ecd v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u0169 kh\u00ed hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u1ee9a nhi\u1ec1u chip \u2013 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t chip \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 n\u00e0o trong n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0o, vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t chip trong n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng ch\u1ecbu, v\u00ec chu\u1ed7i cung \u1ee9ng chip \u0111i qua c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, c\u00e1c m\u00e1y m\u00f3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t chip ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t b\u1edfi ASML \u1edf H\u00e0 Lan, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb v\u00f4 hi\u1ec7u h\u00f3a t\u1eeb xa th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng t\u1eafc \u201ch\u1ee7y\u201d (kill switches). N\u1ebfu thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, t\u1ea5m b\u00e1n d\u1eabn, m\u00e1y m\u00f3c, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t trong c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c an ninh th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1, th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 Hoa K\u1ef3 \u2013 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 Li\u00ean minh ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u2013 m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3, v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111i k\u00e8m v\u1edbi chi ph\u00ed kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a chi ph\u00ed l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3n tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba thi\u1ebfu s\u1ee9c c\u1ea1nh tranh ti\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n h\u01a1n t\u1edbi bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7. Th\u00f4ng qua \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt CHIPS v\u00e0 Khoa h\u1ecdc, Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111ang r\u00f3t c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 v\u00e0o Intel, c\u00f4ng ty \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf v\u1ecb th\u1ebf d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t chip m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n n\u00e0y c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c, bao g\u1ed3m h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u00e2n t\u00e0i v\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n cung \u1ee9ng n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c nhau \u2013 ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 t\u1ea1o ra vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m c\u1ea7n k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt l\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n b\u1eb1ng c\u1eed nh\u00e2n. V\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng b\u1ed5 sung nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u1eb7t l\u00ean m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu h\u1ee5t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u1ec1 lo\u1ea1i nh\u00e2n l\u1ef1c m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y chip tinh vi \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean khi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Intel v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a TSMC \u2013 c\u00f4ng ty d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u00e0nh \u2013 t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1eadm ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u00e2y c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng chi ph\u00ed ch\u1ec9 ph\u00e1t sinh m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n. Khi m\u1ecdi qu\u1ed1c gia l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec1u s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng r\u00f3t tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, to\u00e0n ng\u00e0nh s\u1ebd tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 t\u1eeb nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y b\u1edfi l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn v\u00e0 c\u1ea1nh tranh, m\u00e0 b\u1edfi tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p, ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch an ninh qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quan ch\u1ee9c, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng th\u1eeba cung v\u00e0 thua l\u1ed7 theo chu k\u1ef3. S\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p cho nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty t\u1ee5t h\u1eadu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p s\u1ebd k\u00e9o gi\u1ea3m l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn to\u00e0n ng\u00e0nh, khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i \u00edt ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u1ebd h\u1ee3p l\u00fd h\u01a1n n\u1ebfu c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf t\u1ea7m trung tr\u00e1nh xa c\u01a1n s\u1ed1t n\u00e0y. Tuy nhi\u00ean, chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u2013 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t khi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn t\u1eeb c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u \u2013 l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u qu\u00e1 h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi c\u00f4ng nh\u1edd \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p m\u1edbi r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1. Do \u0111\u00f3, sau khi h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p 10 t\u1ef7 \u0111\u00f4 la cho ng\u00e0nh chip v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o l\u1eddi h\u1ee9a v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t chip th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 c\u0169, \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 \u0111ang t\u0103ng g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c v\u1edbi 15 t\u1ef7 \u0111\u00f4 la tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p m\u00e0 h\u1ecd kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chi tr\u1ea3. S\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi ti\u00eau t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch m\u1edf h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c ngh\u00ecn tr\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao, h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn tr\u01b0\u1eddng trung h\u1ecdc ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao v\u00e0 h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u hay sao?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u1edbi chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed1i \u1ee9ng t\u1eeb c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, nh\u1eefng xu h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 lan r\u1ed9ng sang c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c xe \u0111i\u1ec7n, pin m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 pin l\u01b0u tr\u1eef. Thay v\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea1nh tranh th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi trong c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 xanh v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t gi\u00e1 r\u1ebb v\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, ch\u00fang ta l\u1ea1i \u0111ang chia r\u1ebd v\u00e0 l\u00e0m suy y\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c quan tr\u1ecdng n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng thu\u1ebf quan, tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p “th\u00e2y ma” do ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3. Ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng trong cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i thua trong cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00ed h\u1eadu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c hoang ph\u00ed h\u01a1n n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Raghuram G. Rajan, \u201cIndustrial Policy\u2019s Deceptive New Clothes<\/a>,\u201d Project Syndicate<\/em>, 9\/9\/2024.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3: Raghuram G. Raja<\/p>\n

Theo Raghuram G. Rajan, ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch can thi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0o n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng mang l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ee3i \u00edch. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":766,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2,15],"tags":[131],"class_list":["post-765","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-chinh-sach","category-the-gioi","tag-raghuram-g-rajan"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/diendanduytan.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/765","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/diendanduytan.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/diendanduytan.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/diendanduytan.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/diendanduytan.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=765"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/diendanduytan.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/765\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/diendanduytan.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/diendanduytan.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=765"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/diendanduytan.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=765"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/diendanduytan.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=765"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}