{"id":761,"date":"2024-11-09T03:54:09","date_gmt":"2024-11-09T03:54:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/phongtraoduytan.com\/?p=761"},"modified":"2024-11-09T03:54:09","modified_gmt":"2024-11-09T03:54:09","slug":"tai-sao-cac-quoc-gia-thinh-vuong","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/diendanduytan.com\/?p=761","title":{"rendered":"T\u1ea1i sao c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

L\u1eddi gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u: T\u1ea1i sao c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng? Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i do s\u1ef1 \u01b0u vi\u1ec7t v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 l\u00e0 do s\u1ef1 tham gia v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u00ean th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u00f3. <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3: Antara Haldar<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Theo nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111o\u1ea1t gi\u1ea3i Nobel Kinh t\u1ebf n\u0103m nay, y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh quan tr\u1ecdng cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai l\u00e0 li\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 cho ph\u00e9p l\u1ee3i \u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia s\u1ebb r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i hay kh\u00f4ng thay v\u00ec c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf chi\u1ebfm \u0111o\u1ea1t ch\u1ec9 gi\u00fap chuy\u1ec3n t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00f3m l\u1ee3i \u00edch. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec t\u1ea1o n\u00ean c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng? <\/p>\n\n\n\n

CAMBRIDGE \u2013 C\u1ee9 m\u1ed7i m\u00f9a thu, m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c g\u1ecdi t\u1eeb  Stockholm s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0a m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c v\u00e0i h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 l\u00ean t\u1ea7m v\u00f3c th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1edbi gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng Nobel Kinh t\u1ebf \u2013 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Irving Wallace kh\u1eafc h\u1ecda trong ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft \u0103n kh\u00e1ch The Prize n\u0103m 1962 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u0103m nay, ba nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi t\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc Daron Acemoglu v\u00e0 Simon Johnson t\u1eeb Vi\u1ec7n C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 Massachusetts, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb James A. Robinson c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Chicago. Ba ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vinh danh v\u00ec \u201cnh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng,\u201d v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u th\u00fa v\u1ecb l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao \u0111\u00fang 15 n\u0103m sau khi Elinor Ostrom \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao gi\u1ea3i Nobel cho c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 v\u1ec1 qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n chung. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Acemoglu, Johnson v\u00e0 Robinson (th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 AJR) gi\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu nh\u1edd nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n trong vi\u1ec7c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia. C\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt nh\u01b0 \u201cThe Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism\u201d (\u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c Tin L\u00e0nh v\u00e0 Tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a T\u01b0 b\u1ea3n) c\u1ee7a Max Weber hay \u201cGuns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies\u201d (S\u00fang, M\u1ea7m b\u1ec7nh v\u00e0 Th\u00e9p: \u0110\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a C\u00e1c X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i) c\u1ee7a Jared Diamond t\u1eeb l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t l\u1edbn gi\u1eefa ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n so v\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Trong khi AJR c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau n\u00e0y, h\u1ecd theo \u0111u\u1ed5i n\u00f3 theo m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch m\u1edbi, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch h\u1ecfi t\u1ea1i sao nh\u1eefng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u1eebng gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 l\u1ea1i tr\u1edf n\u00ean ngh\u00e8o \u0111i v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng n\u0103m 2002, \u201cReversal of Fortune: Geography and Institutions in the Making of the Modern World Income Distribution,\u201d (S\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a V\u1eadn m\u1ec7nh: \u0110\u1ecba l\u00fd v\u00e0 Th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf trong Vi\u1ec7c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 Thu nh\u1eadp Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i) AJR k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai l\u00e0 li\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp cho ph\u00e9p l\u1ee3i \u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia s\u1ebb r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i, thay v\u00ec c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf chi\u1ebfm \u0111o\u1ea1t ch\u1ec9 t\u1eadp trung c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i v\u00e0o tay m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00f3m l\u1ee3i \u00edch.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vi\u1ec7c m\u1ed9t c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp hay chi\u1ebfm \u0111o\u1ea1t ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c nhau. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, trong b\u00e0i b\u00e1o n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, \u201cThe Colonial Origins of Comparative Development\u201d (Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c Th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n So s\u00e1nh: M\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m) AJR l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai l\u00e0 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. C\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf t\u1ed1t \u1edf nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c m\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t cao h\u01a1n \u2013 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba m\u1edbi \u1edf B\u1eafc M\u1ef9, \u00dac v\u00e0 New Zealand.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a AJR tinh vi v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, v\u00e0 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 cao s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0o vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc \u0111o\u1ea1t gi\u1ea3i Nobel Douglass North kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u201cInstitutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance<\/a>\u201d (C\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf, S\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i Th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 Hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 Kinh t\u1ebf). Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1edbi. C\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u1ec1 \u201clu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf\u201d v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn Washington t\u1eeb l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a th\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00f4n ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt trong vi\u1ec7c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Ostrom v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf do c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng d\u1eabn d\u1eaft th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111i m\u1edbi. B\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u201cth\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf \u0111a trung t\u00e2m<\/a>\u201d – nh\u1eefng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf v\u01b0\u1ee3t ra kh\u1ecfi l\u1ed1i ph\u00e2n chia gi\u1eefa th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f3m t\u1eaft trong cu\u1ed1n Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action (Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean chung: S\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf cho h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eadp th\u1ec3)), ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta v\u1eabn cho r\u1eb1ng t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n chung \u2013 bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh sinh th\u00e1i quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 r\u1eebng, s\u00f4ng ng\u00f2i, ng\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 b\u1ea7u kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u \u2013 l\u00e0 v\u1ed1n d\u0129 k\u00e9m hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n c\u1ee7a Ostrom v\u00e0o c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u1ef1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u2013 t\u1eeb qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf California \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ee7y l\u1ee3i \u1edf Nepal \u2013 \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ea5y \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng \u0111\u00fang. V\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eb5n l\u00f2ng th\u1ef1c thi nh\u1eefng quy t\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn v\u1edbi nhau nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi suy ngh\u0129 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t, c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Ostrom \u0111\u00e3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn, ho\u1eb7c t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho, s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eadp th\u1ec3, cho th\u1ea5y (tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Garett Hardin<\/a>) r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n chung kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn bi k\u1ecbch. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 tham gia v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean, b\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch thay th\u1ebf cho c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a AJR.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u00e3y nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a AJR r\u1eb1ng \u1edf c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia n\u01a1i m\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 n\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh, sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng nhanh ch\u00f3ng v\u00e0 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd nh\u1ea5t. Nh\u01b0 t\u00f4i l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u <\/a>g\u1ea7n<\/a> \u0111\u00e2y<\/a>, ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i do s\u1ef1 \u01b0u vi\u1ec7t v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u00f3, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 do ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 quen thu\u1ed9c t\u00e2m l\u00fd nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y. R\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c, s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1ec1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng xung quanh ch\u00fang t\u1eeb l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong \u201cs\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n giao ph\u00e1p l\u00fd<\/a>\u201d (\u00e1p d\u1ee5ng lu\u1eadt t\u1eeb n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c).\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Wallace, nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea1t gi\u1ea3i Nobel V\u0103n h\u1ecdc v\u00ec m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 The Perfect State. Trong khi ch\u00fang ta ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra, ch\u00fang ta v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. May m\u1eafn thay, Ostrom \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3. Khi ch\u00fang ta t\u00f4n vinh nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a AJR, \u0111\u1eebng qu\u00ean nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a Ostrom. Trong khi cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch b\u00e1n ch\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a Acemoglu v\u00e0 Johnson \u201cWhy Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity, and Poverty<\/a>\u201d (T\u1ea1i sao C\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia Th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i: Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a Quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c, Th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng, v\u00e0 Ngh\u00e8o \u0111\u00f3i) chi\u1ebfu s\u00e1ng m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng, h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Ostrom cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng v\u1eabn c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

–<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Antara Haldar<\/strong>, Ph\u00f3 Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Ph\u00e1p l\u00fd Th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Cambridge, hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean th\u1ec9nh gi\u1ea3ng t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Harvard v\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ed1i vi\u00ean ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 t\u1eeb H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u (European Research Council) v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ngu\u1ed3n: Antara Haldar, “Why Do Countries Prosper?<\/a>” Project Syndicate, 4\/11\/2024<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bi\u00ean d\u1ecbch: Phong tr\u00e0o Duy T\u00e2n.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3: Antara Haldar<\/p>\n

T\u1ea1i sao c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng? Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i do s\u1ef1 \u01b0u vi\u1ec7t v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 l\u00e0 do s\u1ef1 tham gia v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u00ean th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u00f3. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":539,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3,9,14],"tags":[34],"class_list":["post-761","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-chinh-tri","category-kinh-te","category-the-che","tag-antara-haldar"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/diendanduytan.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/761","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/diendanduytan.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/diendanduytan.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/diendanduytan.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/diendanduytan.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=761"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/diendanduytan.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/761\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/diendanduytan.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/diendanduytan.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=761"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/diendanduytan.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=761"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/diendanduytan.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=761"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}