T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3: Jeffrey Frankel<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf th\u01b0\u1eddng di\u1ec5n ra \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, khi\u1ebfn cho vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1i n\u00e0o l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i n\u00e0o tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o Nobel Kinh t\u1ebf n\u0103m nay \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u0169 \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 t\u1eed vong c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba h\u00f3a.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n CAMBRIDGE \u2013 T\u1ea1i sao m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 qu\u1ed1c gia tr\u1edf n\u00ean gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 trong khi nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng? Ba ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111o\u1ea1t gi\u1ea3i Nobel Kinh t\u1ebf n\u0103m nay \u2013 Daron Acemoglu, Simon Johnson v\u00e0 James A. Robinson \u2013 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n: c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf. Nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 “th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bao tr\u00f9m” \u2013 nh\u1eefng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1edfi m\u1edf, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 minh b\u1ea1ch, t\u1ef1 do kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p quy\u1ec1n \u2013 th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 “th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf chi\u1ebfm \u0111o\u1ea1t”, nh\u1eefng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u1ec9 \u0111em l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n C\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 n\u00e0y. D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u00e1u ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb g\u1ed3m ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t tham nh\u0169ng, quy\u1ec1n bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1t v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ecnh, hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c, ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh, v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p quy\u1ec1n, c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan cao v\u1edbi thu nh\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi, t\u1eeb c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u (\u0110an M\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 Ph\u1ea7n Lan) \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ee9ng cu\u1ed1i (Guinea X\u00edch \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 Nam Sudan).<\/p>\n\n\n\n Tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3. Vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bao tr\u00f9m d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u2013 ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i \u2013 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n. Sau c\u00f9ng, nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng thu\u1ebf v\u00e0 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh, khi n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u01a1n, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n v\u1ecb tr\u00ed trong b\u1ea3ng x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 h\u00f3a, giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ebfn sau c\u00fa t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y g\u1ee3i \u00fd r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00ec hai lo\u1ea1i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u2013 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf \u2013 di\u1ec5n ra \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, khi\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec v\u1eady, c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 t\u1eeb l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft. Acemoglu, Johnson v\u00e0 Robinson \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba ch\u00e2u \u00c2u trong su\u1ed1t n\u0103m th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 qua.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c c\u00f3 t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean qu\u00fd gi\u00e1 nh\u01b0 v\u00e0ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfm \u0111o\u1ea1t t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, h\u1ecd s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 cai tr\u1ecb b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i. M\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o ngu\u1ed3n thu thu\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c b\u1eb1ng v\u0169 l\u1ef1c \u2013 ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u00e1c m\u1ecf v\u00e0ng, \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n m\u00eda, ho\u1eb7c gi\u1ebfng d\u1ea7u \u2013 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf mang l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng bao tr\u00f9m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u1ede nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i \u00edt t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean h\u01a1n \u2013 ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 B\u1eafc M\u1ef9 \u2013 vi\u1ec7c chi\u1ebfm \u0111o\u1ea1t t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Trong Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc Breda n\u0103m 1667, ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e0 Lan \u0111\u00e3 nh\u01b0\u1eddng quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu New Netherland \u2013 bao g\u1ed3m New York v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t l\u00e2n c\u1eadn \u2013 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea5y Suriname \u1edf Nam M\u1ef9. M\u1ed9t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 sau, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng nh\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ea1i Canada, mi\u1ec5n l\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n m\u00eda \u1edf Guadeloupe nh\u1ecf b\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y \u00edt h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. \u0110\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch “s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1eadn m\u1ec7nh” n\u00e0y \u2013 v\u00e0, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n h\u01a1n, m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u2013 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111o\u1ea1t gi\u1ea3i Nobel \u0111\u00e3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf: t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 t\u1eed vong c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba h\u00f3a, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y thay \u0111\u1ed5i r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i t\u00f9y theo \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kh\u00ed h\u1eadu \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e2y s\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u00f3 v\u1ebb l\u1ea1 l\u00f9ng. Nh\u01b0ng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0, \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e0n ph\u00e1, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 nh\u1eb1m h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. V\u00ec v\u1eady, khi C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ebfn, nh\u1eefng n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c chi\u1ebfm \u0111o\u1ea1t t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh: t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 t\u1eed vong c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n c\u00e0ng cao, c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf sau n\u00e0y c\u00e0ng k\u00e9m hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 GDP b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u00e0y nay c\u00e0ng th\u1ea5p.<\/p>\n\n\n\n M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 bi quan, v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb t\u00f9 binh c\u1ee7a kh\u00ed h\u1eadu v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Tuy nhi\u00ean, Acemoglu, Johnson v\u00e0 Robinson kh\u00f4ng l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 hay th\u1eadm ch\u00ed h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 t\u1eed vong c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0. H\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 do y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf \u2013 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o kh\u00f4ng bi quan \u2013 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u0169ng s\u1ebd hi\u1ec3u sai quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Acemoglu, Johnson v\u00e0 Robinson, cho r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kh\u00e1c, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 “bao tr\u00f9m.” Kh\u00f4ng ai nghi ng\u1edd r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed t\u1ec7 h\u1ea1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba trong c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0, kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m g\u00ec so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba chi\u1ebfm \u0111o\u1ea1t. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u2013 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai v\u00e0 cai tr\u1ecb b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c ngo\u1ea1i bang \u2013 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn tr\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u su\u1ed1t h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba h\u00f3a. Ch\u00ednh ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u1ea1i d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u trong vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea5m ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u2013 Anh \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1834, so v\u1edbi n\u0103m 1981 \u1edf Mauritania \u2013 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u00ec c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 phong tr\u00e0o ch\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ngo\u00e0i t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, ph\u00e1p quy\u1ec1n, tham nh\u0169ng th\u1ea5p, t\u1ef1 do kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p ph\u00e2n t\u1ea7ng th\u01b0\u1eddng mang l\u1ea1i k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 kinh t\u1ebf t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c. Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t, d\u00f9 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u1ecbch s\u1eed cho th\u1ea5y ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhanh h\u01a1n \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0. Isaac Newton ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00fd v\u1ec1 l\u1ef1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn \u1edf Anh, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 hay \u1edf c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u0169 c\u1ee7a Anh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n C\u1ea3 hai \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00ed h\u1eadu d\u1ec5 m\u1eafc b\u1ec7nh v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba b\u1ecb b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf. V\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t t\u1eeb nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111o\u1ea1t gi\u1ea3i Nobel n\u0103m nay: c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u1edf kh\u1eafp m\u1ecdi n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bao tr\u00f9m \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e2u d\u00e0i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Jeffrey Frankel, Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 v\u1ec1 H\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh V\u1ed1n v\u00e0 T\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Harvard, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng C\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n Kinh t\u1ebf d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Bill Clinton. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng l\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c vi\u00ean nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1ea1i C\u1ee5c Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Kinh t\u1ebf Qu\u1ed1c gia Hoa K\u1ef3 (National Bureau of Economic Research).<\/p>\n\n\n\n