T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3: Eric Posner<\/p>\n\n\n\n
M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a lu\u00f4n th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 do kinh t\u1ebf m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, nh\u01b0ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00f3 gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e3 quay l\u1ea1i g\u00e2y kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n cho h\u1ecd. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng n\u1eb1m ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u1edf kinh t\u1ebf m\u00e0 \u1edf m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh sai l\u1ea7m v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n CHICAGO \u2013 M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb M\u1ef9 hi\u1ec7n nay l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi \u201cc\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n\u201d \u2014 t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i chuy\u00ean gia, th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng tay ch\u00e2n ho\u1eb7c nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng \u2014 r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. Trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 sau Th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn M\u1edbi (New Deal), \u0111\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3ng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u00e0n, an to\u00e0n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 m\u1ee9c l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u, trong khi \u0111\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 doanh nghi\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Tuy nhi\u00ean, theo Gallup, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 “c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n” ho\u1eb7c “h\u1ea1 l\u01b0u” \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng t\u1eeb 27% v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2002 l\u00ean 46% hi\u1ec7n nay, trong khi t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 gi\u1ea3m nh\u1eb9 (t\u1eeb 37% xu\u1ed1ng 35%). H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, trong khi 46% c\u1eed tri da tr\u1eafng trong c\u00e1c h\u1ed9 gia \u0111\u00ecnh thu\u1ed9c c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u00e0n \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1968, th\u00ec t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng kho\u1ea3ng 33% v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2020, g\u1ea7n b\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1990, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u1edf nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c ngh\u00e8o ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng \u01b0a chu\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y cho s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady c\u1ee7a “ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u1ef1 do kinh t\u1ebf” (neoliberalism): h\u1ec7 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u1ebf trong c\u00e1c v\u00f2ng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1980 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 2000. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y vi\u1ec7c b\u00e3i b\u1ecf quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u h\u00f3a th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 do, d\u00f2ng v\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 di c\u01b0 t\u1ed1i \u0111a. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 do kinh t\u1ebf m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, nh\u01b0ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn ch\u00fang. Khi hai \u0111\u1ea3ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch kinh t\u1ebf th\u00ec c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 quay sang \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a, v\u00ec nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m h\u01a1n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch v\u1edbi nh\u1eadp c\u01b0.<\/p>\n\n\n\n M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed5 l\u1ed7i cho c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00e1 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n khoa h\u1ecdc kinh t\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. Ch\u1ea9n \u0111o\u00e1n ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u01a1n l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 do kinh t\u1ebf ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, ngay c\u1ea3 khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi quan s\u00e1t kh\u00e1c, ngay c\u1ea3 trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf, lu\u00f4n nh\u1eadn ra nh\u1eefng thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t trong c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u1ef1 do kinh t\u1ebf l\u00e0 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 lu\u00f4n c\u1ea1nh tranh. Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng, b\u1edfi v\u00ec chi ph\u00ed c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 do kinh t\u1ebf nh\u01b0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 do t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n trong c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta v\u1eabn cho r\u1eb1ng chi ph\u00ed \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n n\u00e0y s\u1ebd l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. Nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tay ngh\u1ec1 s\u1ebd t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m m\u1edbi v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, v\u00e0 trong khi nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 tay ngh\u1ec1 cao h\u01a1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecbu m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh kh\u00e1c ho\u1eb7c tham gia c\u00e1c kho\u00e1 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf s\u1ebd g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean: m\u1ea5t vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd t\u00e0n ph\u00e1. Th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m, l\u00e0 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 b\u1ecf qu\u00ea nh\u00e0 v\u00e0 \u0111i t\u00ecm vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m \u1edf n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c; v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi so v\u1edbi h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a ho\u1eb7c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5. Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u1edf m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ecf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y c\u1ea3 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00f3, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 sinh k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean \u1edf \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n M\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh li\u00ean quan l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra chi ph\u00ed-l\u1ee3i \u00edch. Nh\u01b0ng m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch chi ph\u00ed-l\u1ee3i \u00edch l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch, n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn k\u00e9m khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ee9ng nh\u1eafc. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1980, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan nh\u01b0 C\u01a1 quan B\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 M\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh ph\u00e2n t\u00edch chi ph\u00ed-l\u1ee3i \u00edch m\u1ed7i khi ban h\u00e0nh quy \u0111\u1ecbnh, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e9p t\u00ednh n\u00e0y g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 lu\u00f4n b\u1ecf qua t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, m\u1ed9t quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ed1t nh\u1eb1m gi\u1ea3m \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m s\u1ebd xem x\u00e9t l\u1ee3i \u00edch s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe cho c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n v\u00e0 chi ph\u00ed tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p g\u00e2y \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n s\u1ebd m\u1ea5t vi\u1ec7c do s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch. S\u1ef1 b\u1ecf qua n\u00e0y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh sai l\u1ea7m r\u1eb1ng th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng lu\u00f4n c\u1ea1nh tranh, v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y sang c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi chi ph\u00ed th\u1ea5p.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 c\u0169ng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 cho c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u00e0n. Trong nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y x\u01b0a, c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u00e0n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 giai c\u1ea5p c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u01b0 duy c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u1ef1 do kinh t\u1ebf, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3. N\u1ebfu th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea1nh tranh, th\u00ec c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u01a1ng cao m\u00e0 c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng gi\u00e1 ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kinh t\u1ebf. Ng\u00e0y nay, gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u00e0n \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i. Khi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 tuy\u1ec3n d\u1ee5ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c tr\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u00e0n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i cho c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m suy gi\u1ea3m hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 kinh t\u1ebf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Khoa h\u1ecdc kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 b\u1edfi vai tr\u00f2 n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong s\u1ef1 tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u1ef1 do kinh t\u1ebf. S\u1ef1 tr\u1edb tr\u00eau l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc h\u00e0n l\u00e2m ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch chi ph\u00ed-l\u1ee3i \u00edch, b\u1edfi v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf trung l\u1eadp ho\u1eb7c khoa h\u1ecdc n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec7n minh cho c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch mang l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. Cu\u1ed9c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm ti\u00eau ch\u00ed trung l\u1eadp k\u00e9o d\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eaft ng\u00fam v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1970 khi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng ti\u00eau ch\u00ed \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i kinh t\u1ebf. C\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00ecnh duy\u1ec7t k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 hi\u1ebfm khi cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn mang t\u00ednh chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c, v\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd l\u00e0m suy y\u1ebfu tham v\u1ecdng khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf th\u01b0\u1eddng (v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng suy ngh\u0129) d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o ph\u00e2n t\u00edch chi ph\u00ed-l\u1ee3i \u00edch khi \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch, v\u00e0 v\u00ec c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa tranh lu\u1eadn “h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt” v\u00e0 tranh lu\u1eadn “ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch”, n\u00ean c\u00e1c th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i trong ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m uy t\u00edn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i h\u01a1n. Nh\u1eefng di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0i nghi c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 k\u1ef9 tr\u1ecb thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ecdi lo\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn r\u1eb1ng, trong su\u1ed1t ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 t\u1ef1 do kinh t\u1ebf, nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn ra s\u1ef1 c\u1ee9ng nh\u1eafc v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu c\u1ea1nh tranh c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ch\u1ec9 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y h\u1ecd m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 c\u1ea1nh tranh. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nghi ng\u1edd r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i s\u1eafp x\u1ea3y ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy k\u1ebft cho ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u1ef1 do kinh t\u1ebf \u2013 b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng gia t\u0103ng, s\u1ef1 t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n, ph\u00e2n c\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh \u2013 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a c\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e0m ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 tr\u1edb tr\u00eau \u0111au l\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb b\u1ecf c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 lu\u00f4n tin r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 do kinh t\u1ebf s\u1ebd gi\u00fap gi\u1edbi c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3m gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 v\u00e0 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf. Gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m r\u1ea5t \u00edt cho c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n, nh\u01b0ng c\u1eed tri thu\u1ed9c giai c\u1ea5p c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ecd, r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi tinh hoa \u2013 t\u1ee9c l\u00e0, c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n Eric Posner, gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 t\u1ea1i Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Lu\u1eadt \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Chicago, l\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch “How Antitrust Failed Workers” (Nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n Oxford, 2021).<\/p>\n\n\n\n