T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3: Dani Rodrik<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch kinh t\u1ebf to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, \u0111\u1ea1i-to\u00e0n-c\u1ea7u-h\u00f3a g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn b\u1edfi v\u00ec nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y n\u00f3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t th\u00e1i qu\u00e1 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng li\u00ean bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi. M\u1ed9t h\u01b0\u1edbng ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u l\u00e0 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ebfm l\u1ee3i cho qu\u1ed1c gia b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ch\u1ee7 \u00fd g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i cho nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n CAMBRIDGE – Trong t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia tham gia th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u01a1n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, kinh t\u1ebf, m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd, n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi kh\u1ea9n thi\u1ebft c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t khu\u00f4n th\u01b0\u1edbc chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 \u1ee9ng x\u1eed. M\u1ed9t xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u1ea3 d\u0129 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f9ng th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t, v\u1ec1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc, l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch b\u1ea7n-c\u00f9ng-h\u00f3a-l\u00e1ng-gi\u1ec1ng (beggar-thy-neighbor policies).<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y nghe c\u00f3 v\u1ebb h\u1ee3p l\u00fd, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 thi kh\u00f4ng? Ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00e1 quen v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i?<\/p>\n\n\n\n Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng. Vi\u1ec7c cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch t\u1ea1o \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c ra b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 b\u1ea7n-c\u00f9ng-h\u00f3a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c. Th\u1ef1c ra th\u00ec kh\u00e1 l\u00e0 v\u00f4 v\u1ecdng, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng, n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t. R\u1ea5t may m\u1eafn, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00e1i b\u1ea7n-c\u00f9ng-h\u00f3a-l\u00e1ng-gi\u1ec1ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m nh\u1ecf trong s\u1ed1 ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0110\u1ea1i-to\u00e0n-c\u1ea7u-h\u00f3a di\u1ec5n ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u00ec \u1ea1ch ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn v\u00ec tham v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng xuy\u00ean bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ch\u1ec9 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea7n-c\u00f9ng-h\u00f3a-l\u00e1ng-gi\u1ec1ng, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eafm t\u1edbi c\u00e1i g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00e1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ea3o qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0110\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 h\u01a1n t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y, h\u00e3y th\u1eed xem x\u00e9t m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i to\u00e1n c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n trong \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia t\u1ea1o ra thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i cho n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m y\u1ebfu \u0111i t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 trao \u0111\u1ed5i (terms of trade) \u2014 v\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o b\u1eb1ng gi\u00e1 xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u tr\u00ean gi\u00e1 nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u \u2014 c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia kia. K\u1ecbch b\u1ea3n th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i kh\u1ed1n kh\u1ed5 n\u00e0y ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 b\u1edfi Jagdish Bhagwati, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng b\u1edfi Paul Samuelson cho l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i cho Hoa K\u1ef3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n H\u00e3y th\u1eed xem x\u00e9t hai ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. \u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean khi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Trung Qu\u1ed1c t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 cho c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u1eb1m n\u00e2ng cao kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ea1nh tranh c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia m\u00ecnh trong c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 cao v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m gi\u00e1 c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u00f3 tr\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00e1c b\u1ecb thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh m\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf c\u1ea1nh tranh. Tuy v\u1eady, d\u00f9 xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p l\u00fd khi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u1eaft b\u1ecf c\u00e1c t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u00f3; \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u1edfi v\u00ec tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta cho r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ee3p l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y kinh th\u1ebf, cho d\u00f9 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd d\u1eabn t\u1edbi thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i cho c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ea5m b\u00e1n c\u00e1c kho\u00e1ng s\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea5t hi\u1ebfm v\u00e0 c\u00e1c kho\u00e1ng s\u1ea3n quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t. Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c t\u0103ng gi\u00e1 tr\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh c\u1ea1nh tranh t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n, v\u00ec nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o r\u1ebb. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e2y r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch b\u1ea7n-c\u00f9ng-h\u00f3a-l\u00e1ng-gi\u1ec1ng. L\u1ee3i \u00edch m\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c thi h\u00e0nh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n tr\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o ra thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n M\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u1ea7n-c\u00f9ng-h\u00f3a-l\u00e1ng-gi\u1ec1ng khi n\u00f3 t\u1ea1o ra l\u1ee3i \u00edch cho n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i cho c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c. Joan Robinson \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean cho kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y v\u00e0o th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 30 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch nh\u01b0 c\u1ea1nh tranh gi\u1ea3m gi\u00e1, m\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00f3, trong t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p chung, n\u00f3 k\u00e9o ngu\u1ed3n vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m t\u1eeb c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba. C\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch b\u1ea7n-c\u00f9ng-h\u00f3a-l\u00e1ng-gi\u1ec1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ea1o ra k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u1ed5ng \u00e2m cho th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00f3i chung.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch b\u1ea7n-c\u00f9ng-h\u00f3a-l\u00e1ng-gi\u1ec1ng c\u0169ng kh\u00e1 kh\u00f3 th\u1ef1c thi v\u00ec trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u00edt c\u00f3 qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0o ch\u1ecbu c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn. Song vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m r\u00f5 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1ng ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u00e0 theo \u0111\u00f3 thu h\u1eb9p c\u00e1c m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn, s\u1ebd d\u1ec5 d\u1eabn t\u1edbi c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 kinh t\u1ebf t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra n\u1ec1n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n, v\u00ec c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 s\u1ebd c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 tham gia th\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ea3o m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecd \u0111ang l\u00e0m g\u00ec, t\u1ea1i sao h\u1ecd l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u00c1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn n\u00e0y v\u00e0o th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn ra l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c hi\u1ec7n nay kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh b\u1ea7n-c\u00f9ng-h\u00f3a-l\u00e1ng-gi\u1ec1ng. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, kh\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u trong s\u1ed1 ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 l\u00e0m-gi\u00e0u-cho-l\u00e1ng-gi\u1ec1ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n V\u00ed d\u1ee5 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p xanh m\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n trong v\u00e0i th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m gi\u00e1 th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n gi\u00f3 v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, pin v\u00e0 xe \u0111i\u1ec7n. Nh\u1eefng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i \u00edch k\u00e9p cho kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Ch\u00fang k\u00e9o theo s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u1edf c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c, gi\u1ea3m gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m gi\u00e1 th\u00e0nh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng. Ch\u00fang c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ea9y nhanh qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch t\u1eeb nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch sang n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o, ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o b\u00f9 \u0111\u1eafp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho s\u1ef1 v\u1eafng b\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a t\u00edn ch\u1ec9 carbon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Khi ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e1nh tr\u00fang v\u00e0o c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ngo\u1ea1i c\u1ea3nh v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m k\u1eb9t c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng – nh\u01b0 trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 xanh – ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n lo l\u1eafng. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, khi ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t ra c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi h\u1ee3p l\u00fd v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p m\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n, th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i do c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m g\u00e2y ra s\u1ebd h\u1ee9ng ch\u1ecbu ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu b\u1edfi th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba. Ch\u00ednh d\u00e2n n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu thu\u1ebf v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 cao h\u01a1n. C\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p t\u1ec7 th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ebd \u00edt b\u1ea7n-c\u00f9ng-h\u00f3a-l\u00e1ng-gi\u1ec1ng h\u01a1n l\u00e0 t\u1ef1-b\u1ea7n-c\u00f9ng-h\u00f3a-b\u1ea3n-th\u00e2n-m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng s\u1ebd b\u1ecb thi\u1ec7t ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o. Nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 n\u00ean c\u00f3 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn. Vi\u1ec7c mong \u0111\u1ee3i c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf m\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p l\u00fd. L\u1ebd d\u0129 nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00e1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft ch\u1ebf t\u1ef1 v\u1ec7, d\u00f9 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111ang \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh b\u1ea7n-c\u00f9ng-h\u00f3a-l\u00e1ng-gi\u1ec1ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n V\u00ed d\u1ee5, n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 quan ng\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 an ninh qu\u1ed1c gia hay c\u00e1c h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 trong th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m, h\u1ecd n\u00ean c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1eb7t ra c\u00e1c h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u, ho\u1eb7c t\u0103ng thu\u1ebf nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y. T\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u01a1n th\u00ec c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3 n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tinh ch\u1ec9nh v\u00e0 nh\u1eafm t\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, thay v\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111ang kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch b\u1ea7n-c\u00f9ng-h\u00f3a-l\u00e1ng-gi\u1ec1ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0110\u1ec3 l\u1ecdc ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00edt c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi b\u1ea7n-c\u00f9ng-h\u00f3a-l\u00e1ng-gi\u1ec1ng t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u quan tr\u1ecdng gi\u00fap l\u00e0m d\u1ecbu c\u00e1c c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i. Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng gi\u00fap c\u00e1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ea3o qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1eadp trung h\u01a1n v\u00e0o c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i, gi\u00fap c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 theo \u0111u\u1ed5i c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba h\u1ee3p l\u00fd h\u01a1n. Tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ef1 c\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 c\u1ea3 kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. <\/p>\n\n\n\n \u2014-<\/p>\n\n\n\n Dani Rodrik, Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Kinh t\u1ebf Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf t\u1ea1i Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Kennedy Harvard, l\u00e0 Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i Kinh t\u1ebf Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 l\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u201cStraight Talk on Trade: Ideas for a Sane World Economy\u201d (Nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Princeton, 2017).<\/p>\n\n\n\n