{"id":538,"date":"2024-10-14T23:45:35","date_gmt":"2024-10-14T23:45:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/phongtraoduytan.com\/?p=538"},"modified":"2024-10-14T23:45:35","modified_gmt":"2024-10-14T23:45:35","slug":"giai-nobel-giup-giai-quyet-bai-toan-bat-binh-dang","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/diendanduytan.com\/?p=538","title":{"rendered":"Gi\u1ea3i Nobel gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft b\u00e0i to\u00e1n b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3: Bi\u00ean T\u1eadp Vi\u00ean Project Syndicate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong khi ngay c\u1ea3 nh<\/em>\u1eef<\/em>ng n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf ngh\u00e8o nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi<\/em>\u1edb<\/em>i c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 tr<\/em>\u1edf<\/em> n\u00ean gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 h<\/em>\u01a1<\/em>n trong nh<\/em>\u1eef<\/em>ng th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, h\u1ecd v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u1ee5t l\u1ea1i xa so v<\/em>\u1edb<\/em>i c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf c\u00f3 thu nh\u1eadp cao h<\/em>\u01a1<\/em>n \u2013 v\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u thu h\u1eb9p. Theo c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf \u0111o\u1ea1t Gi\u1ea3i Nobel n\u0103m nay, c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u00fd do ch\u00ednh cho t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y. T<\/em>\u1eeb<\/em> vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1i thi\u1ebft Ukraine \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o, nh<\/em>\u1eef<\/em>ng h\u1ec7 l\u1ee5y n\u00e0y c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h<\/em>\u01b0\u1edf<\/em>ng l<\/em>\u1edb<\/em>n.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u1ee8C TRANH L\u1edaN<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u0103m nay, Gi\u1ea3i Nobel Kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao cho Daron Acemoglu, Simon Johnson v\u00e0 James A. Robinson v\u00ec nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd trong vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft m\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 n\u00e0y ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch l\u00fd do v\u00e0 th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u1eefng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap n\u00e2ng cao kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u2013 v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u2013 nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch trong vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1ch ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a Afghanistan. Nh\u01b0 Acemoglu \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2021, “s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 nh\u1ee5c nh\u00e3” c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a Taliban sau cu\u1ed9c r\u00fat lui h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh m\u1ed9t quan ni\u1ec7m sai l\u1ea7m s\u00e2u s\u1eafc r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t “nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng” c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c “\u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t t\u1eeb tr\u00ean xu\u1ed1ng b\u1edfi c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i.” Nh\u01b0 \u00f4ng v\u00e0 Robinson \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, “c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p l\u00fd v\u00ec xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c \u0111a d\u1ea1ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c xung quanh c\u00e1c phong t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, n\u01a1i m\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecb suy y\u1ebfu.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u00e1i thi\u1ebft Ukraine. Nh\u01b0 Acemoglu v\u00e0 Robinson \u0111\u00e3 quan s\u00e1t v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2019, sau s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y “v\u1eabn b\u1ecb m\u1eafc k\u1eb9t b\u1edfi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf tham nh\u0169ng, t\u1ea1o ra v\u0103n h\u00f3a tham nh\u0169ng v\u00e0 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y l\u00f2ng tin c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang.” N\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc mu\u1ed1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n sau khi cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i k\u1ebft th\u00fac, n\u00f3 c\u1ea7n tr\u00e1nh vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c t\u1eeb tr\u00ean xu\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c “th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf mang t\u00ednh khai th\u00e1c” nh\u01b0 trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, m\u00e0 thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap “x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n” t\u1eeb d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00ean.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Acemoglu v\u00e0 Johnson \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Trung Qu\u1ed1c. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 s\u1ef1 l\u1edbn m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t Trung Qu\u1ed1c d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o v\u1ec1 “lu\u1eadt l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf so s\u00e1nh” n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX David Ricardo, nh\u01b0ng Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3 nh\u1edd c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p. V\u00ec v\u1eady, thay v\u00ec l\u00e0m cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1edf n\u00ean t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Ricardo gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh, s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c “\u0111e d\u1ecda s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9” theo nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 bu\u1ed9c M\u1ef9 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1p tr\u1ea3 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng gia t\u0103ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Nh\u01b0 Acemoglu \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra, “d\u1ef1 \u00e1n to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u h\u00f3a sau Chi\u1ebfn tranh L\u1ea1nh c\u0169ng t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c h\u1ed3i sinh tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi,” nh\u01b0 \u1edf Hungary, \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, Nga v\u00e0 Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3. Trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh n\u00e0y, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y c\u1ea7n suy ngh\u0129 l\u1ea1i c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c tham gia, c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Ricardo c\u0169ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o, nh\u01b0 Acemoglu v\u00e0 Johnson \u0111\u00e3 l\u01b0u \u00fd v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m nay. Vi\u1ec7c m\u00e1y m\u00f3c “h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t hay t\u1ea1o ra vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang ta tri\u1ec3n khai ch\u00fang v\u00e0 ai \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u00f3,” h\u1ecd vi\u1ebft, nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh r\u1eb1ng “c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1, h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p h\u00f3a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u00e0n v\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111i c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u1edf Anh trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p.” T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 th\u00f4ng minh nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o (AI) nh\u1eb1m \u201ch\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n” ng\u00e0y nay s\u1ebd y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ch\u00fang ta “thay \u0111\u1ed5i h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111i v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi trong ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf m\u1edbi.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Theo Acemoglu, ba nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc sau n\u00ean l\u00e0 kim ch\u1ec9 nam c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch. Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c b\u1edfi “s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y” \u0111i k\u00e8m v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7. Th\u1ee9 hai, “ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi.” V\u00ed d\u1ee5, thay v\u00ec thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 tri\u1ec3n khai AI “ch\u1ec9 v\u1edbi suy ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a” \u2013 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn m\u00e0 Acemoglu v\u00e0 Johnson \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra s\u1ebd c\u00f3 “h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng cho s\u1ee9c chi ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9” \u2013 ch\u00fang ta n\u00ean khai th\u00e1c “ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng to l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n tr\u1edf n\u00ean n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t h\u01a1n.” Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng nhanh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t l\u1ea1i ph\u00eda sau. \u0110i\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta “c\u1ea7n ch\u00fa \u00fd h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 ti\u1ebfp theo c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ngu\u1ed3n: PS Editors, “Nobel laureates help solve the inequality puzzle<\/a>“, Project Syndicate,<\/em> 14\/10\/2024.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bi\u00ean d\u1ecbch: Phong tr\u00e0o Duy T\u00e2n <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Trong khi ngay c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf ngh\u00e8o nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 h\u01a1n trong nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, h\u1ecd v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u1ee5t l\u1ea1i xa so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf c\u00f3 thu nh\u1eadp cao h\u01a1n \u2013 v\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u thu h\u1eb9p. Theo c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf \u0111o\u1ea1t Gi\u1ea3i Nobel n\u0103m nay, c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u00fd do ch\u00ednh cho t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y. T\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1i thi\u1ebft Ukraine \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o, nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 l\u1ee5y n\u00e0y c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9,15],"tags":[122],"class_list":["post-538","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-kinh-te","category-the-gioi","tag-nobel-2024"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/diendanduytan.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/538","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/diendanduytan.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/diendanduytan.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/diendanduytan.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/diendanduytan.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=538"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/diendanduytan.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/538\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/diendanduytan.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=538"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/diendanduytan.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=538"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/diendanduytan.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=538"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}