{"id":139,"date":"2024-08-23T03:57:23","date_gmt":"2024-08-23T03:57:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/phongtraoduytan.com\/?p=139"},"modified":"2024-08-23T03:57:23","modified_gmt":"2024-08-23T03:57:23","slug":"nguon-goc-cua-chu-nghia-cong-san","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/diendanduytan.com\/?p=139","title":{"rendered":"Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

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T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3: Council\u00a0on Foreign Relations (H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Quan h\u1ec7 \u0110\u1ed1i ngo\u1ea1i)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1c c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c nhau m\u00e0 Marx, Lenin, v\u00e0 Stalin \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o l\u1ecbch<\/em>\u00a0s\u1eed c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh\u00a0<\/em>chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng video TikTok ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c c\u1ee5 \u00f4ng c\u1ee5 b\u00e0 nh\u1ea3y m\u00faa hay c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c l\u00e0m m\u00f3n tr\u00e1ng mi\u1ec7ng ngon m\u1eaft, m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00e1c g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 thu h\u00fat h\u01a1n n\u1eeda t\u1ef7 l\u01b0\u1ee3t xem: #Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u01b0\u1edbt qua h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t video ng\u1eafn li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn hashtag n\u00e0y s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c \u0111o\u1ea1n clip ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, video deepfake c\u1ee7a Joseph Stalin h\u00e1t nh\u00e9p theo c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n hit nh\u1ea1c pop, hay th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn trang \u0111i\u1ec3m theo ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 b\u00faa li\u1ec1m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u tr\u1ef1c tuy\u1ebfn tho\u00e1ng qua. Ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 coi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 thay th\u1ebf \u01b0u vi\u1ec7t cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n. Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a T\u01b0 b\u1ea3n \u0111ang b\u1ecb c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 tr\u1ebb cho l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng kinh t\u1ebf k\u00e9o d\u00e0i, ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c, v\u00e0 kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng kh\u00ed h\u1eadu to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u. C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c th\u0103m d\u00f2 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y cho th\u1ea5y g\u1ea7n 30% th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 Z (tu\u1ed5i t\u1eeb 16 \u0111\u1ebfn 23) c\u00f3 c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn t\u00edch c\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a T\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c gi\u1ea3m m\u1ea1nh trong th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 Y (Millennials).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i ph\u00e2n chia r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t theo th\u1ebf h\u1ec7. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 6% th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 B\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 (Baby Boomers, t\u1eeb 56 \u0111\u1ebfn 74 tu\u1ed5i) v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 3% th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 Im l\u1eb7ng (Silent Generation, t\u1eeb 75 \u0111\u1ebfn 93 tu\u1ed5i), nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n theo h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00edch c\u1ef1c. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 l\u1edbn tu\u1ed5i trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Chi\u1ebfn tranh L\u1ea1nh. Trong th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y, Li\u00ean X\u00f4 c\u0169 l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi an ninh v\u00e0 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u1edf c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia nh\u01b0 Campuchia, Cuba v\u00e0 Li\u00ean X\u00f4 nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn v\u1ec1 ngh\u00e8o \u0111\u00f3i, m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t, \u0111\u00f3i k\u00e9m v\u00e0 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ecd, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i, thay v\u00ec l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p cho t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u1eady c\u00e1ch t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia n\u00e0y l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1n \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 xem x\u00e9t s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ebb th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u2013 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1c ho\u1ea1 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean b\u1edfi Karl Marx, k\u00eau g\u1ecdi x\u00f3a b\u1ecf s\u1edf h\u1eefu t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn. Theo l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y s\u1ebd mang l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do kh\u1ecfi ngh\u00e8o \u0111\u00f3i. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 l\u1edbn tu\u1ed5i th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o l\u1ecbch s\u1eed m\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn, m\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng v\u00ed d\u1ee5 c\u1ef1c \u0111oan nh\u1ea5t, l\u00e0 c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd xem x\u00e9t c\u1ea3 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n. Ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd quay ng\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1ch Karl Marx \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh cho h\u1ec7 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1p tr\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed3i t\u1ec7 \u1edf T\u00e2y \u00c2u. V\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1ch hai c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u2013 Vladimir Lenin v\u00e0 Joseph Stalin \u2013 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n th\u1ec3 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Marx th\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n, v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00e8m theo \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 th\u1ea3m kh\u1ed1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Karl Marx hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00f9 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb Nga. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 \u1edf T\u00e2y \u00c2u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00e0o gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, T\u00e2y \u00c2u tr\u1ea3i qua nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u1edbn do m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. T\u1ea1i c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 nh\u01b0 Brussels, London, Paris v\u00e0 Vienna, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c m\u1edbi c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m nh\u1ecf trong d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111a s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee9c l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ea5p v\u00e0 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1edd trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng an to\u00e0n. B\u00ean ngo\u00e0i nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n s\u1ed1ng trong c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fac v\u00e0 m\u1ea5t v\u1ec7 sinh. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1849, c\u01b0 d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi th\u1ec9nh c\u1ea7u tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t t\u1edd b\u00e1o \u1edf London:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201c<\/em>Th\u01b0a Qu\u00fd<\/em> v\u1ecb<\/em>, \u2013 Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i tha thi\u1ebft c\u1ea7u xin s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Qu\u00fd<\/em> v\u1ecb<\/em>. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng trong<\/em> c\u1ea3nh hoang d\u00e3<\/em>, n\u1ebfu<\/em> \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 <\/em>nh\u1eefng<\/em> g\u00ec m\u00e0 <\/em>ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a London bi\u1ebft<\/em> v\u1ec1 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 n\u1ebfu <\/em>nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n qu\u00fd<\/em> c\u00f3 d\u00e0nh s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m n\u00e0o cho ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/em>. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1ed1ng trong b\u00f9n<\/em> l\u1ea7y v\u00e0 r\u00e1c r\u01b0\u1edfi<\/em>.<\/em>\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Karl Marx.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Marx l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd cho c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng. \u00d4ng v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 l\u00e2u n\u0103m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, tri\u1ebft gia Friedrich Engels, \u0111\u00e3 di chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 n\u00e0y sang th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c kh\u1eafp T\u00e2y \u00c2u, vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ea5p thi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i trong vi\u1ec7c thay \u0111\u1ed5i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf. Trong c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, T\u01b0 B\u1ea3n (Das Kapital) v\u00e0 Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n (The Communist Manifesto), Marx \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u hai l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng. Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, \u00f4ng l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n \u0111ang ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng v\u00ec h\u1ecd ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp th\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0u. T\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp th\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0u n\u00e0y s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y, nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u th\u00f4 v\u00e0 m\u00e1y m\u00f3c c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1 \u2013 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 \u00f4ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a T\u01b0 b\u1ea3n. Th\u1ee9 hai, \u00f4ng tin r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n kh\u1ecfi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng sau nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m b\u1ecb \u00e1p b\u1ee9c, m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? Theo Marx, ch\u00ednh h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u0111\u00e3 \u00e1p b\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp th\u1ea5p s\u1ebd cho ph\u00e9p h\u1ecd l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 n\u00f3. M\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y, h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ee5 t\u1eadp tr\u00ean c\u00e1c s\u00e0n nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y kh\u1eafp ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a. T\u1ea1i sao h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed5i d\u1eady? \u201cV\u00f4 s\u1ea3n to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft l\u1ea1i!\u201d Marx vi\u1ebft. \u201cC\u00e1c b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ea5t ngo\u00e0i xi\u1ec1ng x\u00edch c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u1ede giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ti\u1ebfp theo c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, giai c\u1ea5p c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao quy\u1ec1n, hay giai c\u1ea5p lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, s\u1ebd m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed cho to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 x\u00f3a b\u1ecf s\u1edf h\u1eefu t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp th\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0u \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n. Sau \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 quan ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 trung \u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ebd can thi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf ch\u1ec9 huy m\u1edbi d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i thay v\u00ec th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Marx, s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra \u2013 m\u00e0 l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu ph\u1ea3i x\u1ea3y ra. Trong c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai m\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c giai c\u1ea5p kinh t\u1ebf, ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7, hay th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 g\u00e2y k\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u1edf Brussels, Cologne v\u00e0 Paris \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c ra kh\u1ecfi th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, t\u1ea1i Nga, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m duy\u1ec7t ho\u00e0ng gia \u0111\u00e3 cho ph\u00e9p xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n Das Kapital<\/em>. C\u00e1c quan ch\u1ee9c Nga cho r\u1eb1ng cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch qu\u00e1 d\u00e0y v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra nhi\u1ec1u x\u00e1o tr\u1ed9n. Nh\u01b0ng tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n sao c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch nhanh ch\u00f3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 h\u1ebft. T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m T\u01b0 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Marx sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 truy\u1ec1n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng cho cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vladimir Lenin \u0111\u00e3 \u00e1p<\/strong> d\u1ee5ng<\/strong> ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a <\/strong>C<\/strong>\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nga r\u1ea5t t\u1ee9c gi\u1eadn v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. N\u00f4ng d\u00e2n ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu thu\u1ebf cao, v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n t\u1ed3i t\u00e0n. Nga c\u0169ng tr\u1ea3i qua hai cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ea5y \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9, chi\u1ebfn tranh Nga \u2013 Nh\u1eadt (1904 \u2013 1905) v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn tranh Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t (1914 \u2013 1918).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng nh\u01b0ng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i trong vi\u1ec7c l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Romanov \u0111ang cai tr\u1ecb, tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga su\u1ed1t ba th\u1ebf k\u1ef7. Gi\u1eefa l\u00fac h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n n\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf Petrograd (nay l\u00e0 St. Petersburg) v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 1917 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu th\u1ed1n th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 b\u00e1nh m\u00ec cao. Trong v\u00e0i ng\u00e0y ti\u1ebfp theo, h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m ngh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n sang \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 3, nh\u00e0 vua c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga, Sa ho\u00e0ng Nicholas \u0111\u1ec7 Nh\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 tho\u00e1i v\u1ecb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u1ef1 ra \u0111i c\u1ee7a Sa ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ed1ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh y\u00eau c\u1ea7u n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng chuy\u00ean quy\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0u th\u1ebf. V\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 10, \u0110\u1ea3ng Bolshevik \u2013 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb do Vladimir Lenin l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u2013 \u0111\u00e3 n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t trong m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lenin l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng t\u1eeb l\u00e2u tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u0103m 1917. Sau khi b\u1ecb \u0111u\u1ed5i h\u1ecdc v\u00ec tham gia c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a sinh vi\u00ean, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m \u0111\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 Marx. V\u00e0, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 Marx, Lenin \u0111\u00e3 di chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 n\u00e0y sang th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c kh\u1eafp ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, k\u00eau g\u1ecdi m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n qua c\u00e1c \u1ea5n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u1eeb khi n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n, Lenin kh\u00f4ng d\u00e0nh th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Marx. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a g\u00ec? Trong c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, Marx ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a ra khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o n\u00ean th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n. Lenin l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng chuy\u1ec3n th\u1ec3 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Marx th\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c n\u00e0y cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00f2ng d\u00e2n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Marx. Lenin \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a Marx v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a Lenin \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m duy\u1ec7t nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan in \u1ea5n, nh\u00e0 h\u00e1t, v\u00e0 r\u1ea1p chi\u1ebfu phim. V\u00e0 ngay c\u1ea3 khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nga c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu cho m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 quan l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p, \u0111\u1ea3ng Bolshevik c\u1ee7a Lenin \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecdn c\u00e1ch b\u1ecf qua k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3. \u0110\u1ea3ng Bolshevik nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn 25% s\u1ed1 phi\u1ebfu b\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Lenin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Marx nh\u1eb1m x\u00f3a b\u1ecf quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ecdi trang tr\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 l\u1ea1i \u0111em \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e1ng th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng. T\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng thi\u1ebfu l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c v\u1eabn di\u1ec5n ra, n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf suy y\u1ebfu, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nga ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3, Lenin \u0111\u00e3 ban h\u00e0nh Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch Kinh t\u1ebf M\u1edbi (NEP) v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1921, h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p h\u00f3a quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i. Theo Lenin, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u201cth\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tho\u00e1i lui\u201d kh\u1ecfi ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Marx. Lenin tr\u00f4i d\u1ea1t kh\u1ecfi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Marx xa h\u01a1n n\u1eefa khi m\u1edf c\u1eeda th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 Anh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u0103m 1924, Lenin \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t qua \u0111\u1eddi. M\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa, n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga \u2013 gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t li\u00ean bang c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Li\u00ean X\u00f4 \u2013 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ho\u00e1 t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a Marx.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Joseph Stalin \u0111\u00e3 \u00e1p<\/strong> d\u1ee5ng<\/strong> ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a <\/strong>C<\/strong>\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n ra<\/strong> sao<\/strong>?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sau c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Lenin, nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o Li\u00ean X\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 tranh gi\u00e0nh quy\u1ec1n k\u1ebf nhi\u1ec7m; tuy v\u1eady, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n: Leon Trotsky. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, Trotsky c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 Joseph Stalin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tr\u00ean l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft, Trotsky v\u00e0 Stalin kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t h\u01a1n. Trotsky l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 v\u0103n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 h\u00f9ng bi\u1ec7n n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, Stalin c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c danh ti\u1ebfng kh\u00f4ng nh\u1edd v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 cho cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, m\u00e0 nh\u1edd v\u00e0o kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng huy \u0111\u1ed9ng qu\u1ef9 cho c\u00e1c Bolshevik. C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p huy \u0111\u1ed9ng qu\u1ef9 n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Stalin bao g\u1ed3m c\u01b0\u1edbp b\u00f3c, b\u1eaft c\u00f3c, v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 c\u01b0\u1edbp bi\u1ec3n tr\u00ean Bi\u1ec3n \u0110en.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Khi \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u1ecdn ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebf nhi\u1ec7m Lenin, hai b\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 lao v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng. Trotsky k\u00eau g\u1ecdi Li\u00ean X\u00f4 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n \u1edf c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c, v\u1edbi quan \u0111i\u1ec3m theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Marx nh\u1eb1m d\u1eabn d\u1eaft th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, Stalin nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh vi\u1ec7c \u01b0u ti\u00ean ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n trong n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Theo th\u1eddi gian, Stalin \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng trong cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i Trotsky. Tuy nhi\u00ean, chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng c\u1ee7a Stalin kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o l\u00fd lu\u1eadn t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, Stalin \u0111\u00e3 n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \u1edf Li\u00ean X\u00f4 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c li\u00ean minh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd. Khi \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c, Stalin \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea9y \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng l\u01b0u vong su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eddi. Stalin d\u00e0nh ba t\u1ea7ng c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 quan t\u00ecnh b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ec3 theo d\u00f5i Trotsky, ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb \u00e1m s\u00e1t \u1edf Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Mexico v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1940.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Stalin, cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng \u1edf Li\u00ean X\u00f4 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c xa v\u1edbi t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a Marx v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c trao quy\u1ec1n cho c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 Stalin s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb c\u1ee7a Marx v\u00e0 Lenin trong c\u00e1c b\u00e0i ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Stalin l\u1ea1i \u01b0u ti\u00ean vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o Li\u00ean X\u00f4 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea1nh tranh tr\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u01b0u ti\u00ean b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1928, Stalin \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e1c b\u1ecf Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch Kinh t\u1ebf m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Lenin v\u00e0 tri\u1ec3n khai m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh m\u1edbi nh\u1eb1m t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00ean 250% ch\u1ec9 trong v\u00f2ng n\u0103m n\u0103m. Tuy nhi\u00ean, khi ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh m\u1edbi n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c b\u1ecb giam gi\u1eef trong c\u00e1c Gulag (tr\u1ea1i c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed b\u1edfi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7) v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c ho\u1eb7c v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3i khi\u1ebfn kho\u1ea3ng 6 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 Marx k\u00eau g\u1ecdi cho m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, Stalin l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn ngay c\u1ea3 \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t suy ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1936 \u0111\u1ebfn 1938, Stalin \u0111\u00e3 cho h\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh kho\u1ea3ng 1 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Con s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ba \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 g\u1ea7n 80% c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1edbng l\u0129nh qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ea5p cao c\u1ee7a Stalin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stalin qua \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1953, nh\u01b0ng di s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh Li\u00ean X\u00f4 trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eadp k\u1ef7. C\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Stalin \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ra nh\u1eefng t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft cho h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea9y Li\u00ean X\u00f4 v\u00e0o xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u1edbi Hoa K\u1ef3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Chi\u1ebfn tranh L\u1ea1nh, nh\u01b0 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp n\u00e0o gi\u1eefa Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 Li\u00ean X\u00f4. Tuy nhi\u00ean, Chi\u1ebfn tranh L\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00e3 k\u00e9o nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0o c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u1ee7y nhi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1edd v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n. Cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t mang t\u00ednh s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 k\u1ebft th\u00fac v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1980 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1990 khi Li\u00ean X\u00f4 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 sau nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m kinh t\u1ebf tr\u00ec tr\u1ec7 v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. Th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft th\u00fac trong th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i v\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Khi ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o Li\u00ean X\u00f4 nh\u01b0 Lenin v\u00e0 Stalin. H\u1ecd th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tri\u1ec3n khai \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a. Tuy nhi\u00ean, tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c nhau c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c, l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Mao Tr\u1ea1ch \u0110\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Marx v\u00e0 Lenin \u0111\u1ec3 k\u00eau g\u1ecdi m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u1edf n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n thay v\u00ec m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng do c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n \u1edf th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o. Cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0ng th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u00e0 c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 tri\u1ec3n khai ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh kinh t\u1ebf k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a doanh nghi\u1ec7p t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p; ng\u00e0y nay, Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u trong n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u \u2013 m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u1eabn mang ti\u1ebfng x\u1ea5u v\u00ec g\u00e2y ra c\u00e1c t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 vi ph\u1ea1m nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n. Fidel Castro, l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n c\u0169 c\u1ee7a Cuba \u2013 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo \u0111u\u1ed5i h\u1ec7 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Lenin \u2013 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch t\u1ecbch thu t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i t\u1ea1i Cuba, c\u1ea5m c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n, v\u00e0 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf t\u1ef1 do ng\u00f4n lu\u1eadn c\u00f9ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi tri\u1ec3n khai c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh y t\u1ebf v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c mi\u1ec5n ph\u00ed. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 nhi\u1ec1u ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch v\u1eabn c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebf nhi\u1ec7m Castro c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf nh\u1eb1m c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u1ed1n ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea1t k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 mong \u0111\u1ee3i d\u00f9 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb Trung Qu\u1ed1c, Nga, v\u00e0 Venezuela.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trung Qu\u1ed1c, Cuba v\u00e0 Li\u00ean X\u00f4 \u0111\u1ec1u x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh (ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh) l\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7. Nh\u01b0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ea5y, c\u00e1c \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng h\u01a1n \u2013 nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c tri\u1ec3n khai c\u00e1c \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0o th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra nh\u1eefng t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ngu\u1ed3n: <\/strong>\u201cWhat Are the Origins of Communism<\/a>,\u201d Council on Foreign Relations<\/em>, 01\/08\/2024<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bi\u00ean d\u1ecbch:\u00a0<\/strong>T\u1ea1 Ki\u1ec1u Trang<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t<\/a> c\u1ee7a Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1c c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c nhau m\u00e0 Marx, Lenin, v\u00e0 Stalin \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o l\u1ecbch\u00a0s\u1eed c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh\u00a0chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[51,52],"class_list":["post-139","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-chinh-tri","tag-chu-nghia-cong-san","tag-council-on-foreign-relations"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/diendanduytan.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/139","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/diendanduytan.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/diendanduytan.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/diendanduytan.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/diendanduytan.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=139"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/diendanduytan.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/139\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/diendanduytan.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=139"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/diendanduytan.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=139"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/diendanduytan.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=139"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}