T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3: Ho\u00e0ng Anh Tu\u1ea5n<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea7y m\u1ed9t gi\u1edd n\u1eefa, l\u1ec7nh phong t\u1ecfa to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n Eo bi\u1ec3n Hormuz c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00e0u ch\u1edf d\u1ea7u v\u00e0 h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebfn ho\u1eb7c d\u1eddi c\u00e1c c\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a Iran c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c t\u00e0u “\u0111\u00f3ng ph\u00ed” cho Iran s\u1ebd c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c. \u0110\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u phong t\u1ecfa c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng ra sao \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, h\u00e3y c\u00f9ng nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 cu\u1ed9c phong t\u1ecfa l\u1edbn v\u00e0 c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 t\u00e0n kh\u1ed1c nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u1eeb c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn nay.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, phong t\u1ecfa kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng bao v\u00e2y v\u1eadt l\u00fd m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn c\u00e2n n\u00e3o v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf, h\u1eadu c\u1ea7n v\u00e0 \u00fd ch\u00ed. T\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c bao v\u00e2y nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i ki\u00ean c\u1ed1 th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5 cho \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a t\u00ean l\u1eeda h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 v\u1ec7 tinh, phong t\u1ecfa lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 v\u0169 kh\u00ed t\u00e0n kh\u1ed1c nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00f3p ngh\u1eb9t m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
1. Constantinople 1453: V\u0169 kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ea1i b\u00e1c v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft th\u00fac c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Byzantine <\/p>\n\n\n\n
Cu\u1ed9c v\u00e2y h\u00e3m Constantinople n\u0103m 1453 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh cho vi\u1ec7c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p phong t\u1ecfa th\u1ee7y \u2013 b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1eebng b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Constantinople l\u00e0 th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Byzantine, v\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 b\u1edfi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh Theodosian ki\u00ean c\u1ed1 v\u00e0 v\u1ecb th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00f4n tr\u00ean eo bi\u1ec3n Bosphorus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Ottoman d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n Sultan Mehmed II \u0111\u00e3 tri\u1ec3n khai l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3: kho\u1ea3ng 80.000 \u2013 130.000 qu\u00e2n, bao g\u1ed3m l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tinh nhu\u1ec7 Janissaries, v\u00e0 h\u01a1n 100 t\u00e0u chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 bao v\u00e2y “th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf”. Ph\u00eda Byzantine ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 v\u1ebbn v\u1eb9n 7.000 \u2013 10.000 binh s\u0129, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 qu\u00e2n t\u00ecnh nguy\u1ec7n t\u1eeb \u00dd, \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u1ed9t tuy\u1ebfn ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 d\u00e0i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ottoman \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng 69 kh\u1ea9u \u0111\u1ea1i b\u00e1c kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3, n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 kh\u1ea9u ph\u00e1o “Basilica” do k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 Orban \u0111\u00fac, c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng b\u1eafn nh\u1eefng vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e1 n\u1eb7ng g\u1ea7n 600 kg. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng “si\u00eau v\u0169 kh\u00ed” th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd, n\u00e3 ph\u00e1o li\u00ean t\u1ee5c trong 53 ng\u00e0y v\u00e0o c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e1 v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1eefng su\u1ed1t m\u1ed9t thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ef7. Khi h\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ed9i b\u1ecb ch\u1eb7n b\u1edfi chu\u1ed7i x\u00edch kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 t\u1ea1i v\u1ecbnh Golden Horn, Mehmed II \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t k\u1ef3 t\u00edch: k\u00e9o h\u01a1n 70 t\u00e0u chi\u1ebfn v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n tr\u00ean c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ray g\u1ed7 b\u00f4i m\u1ee1 \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o v\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb ph\u00eda sau, ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh v\u00f2ng v\u00e2y tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
S\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a Constantinople v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 29\/5\/1453 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 khi\u1ebfn kho\u1ea3ng 30.000 \u2013 60.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb b\u1eaft l\u00e0m n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 m\u00e0 c\u00f2n ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Byzantine ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m tu\u1ed5i. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng ngay c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng ki\u00ean c\u1ed1 nh\u1ea5t c\u0169ng s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 n\u1ebfu b\u1ecb c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ee9t ngu\u1ed3n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u0169 kh\u00ed v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i. S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c kh\u00e9p l\u1ea1i th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Trung c\u1ed5, m\u1edf ra k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a thu\u1ed1c s\u00fang v\u00e0 ph\u00e1o binh h\u1ea1ng n\u1eb7ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
2. K\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch Anaconda (1861 \u2013 1865) trong cu\u1ed9c N\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn B\u1eafc – Nam<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Trong N\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn M\u1ef9, T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Abraham Lincoln \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n “K\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch Anaconda” \u2013 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch phong t\u1ecfa h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n quy m\u00f4 ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng th\u1ea5y nh\u1eb1m v\u00e0o Li\u00ean bang mi\u1ec1n Nam. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u00eau hao d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n, l\u1ea5y c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb c\u00e1ch lo\u00e0i tr\u0103n Anaconda si\u1ebft ch\u1eb7t con m\u1ed3i cho \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ebft.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
H\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 huy \u0111\u1ed9ng g\u1ea7n 500 t\u00e0u chi\u1ebfn tu\u1ea7n tra d\u1ecdc theo 5.600 km \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n, t\u1eeb Virginia \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi Mexico. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfm l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c m\u00e0 l\u00e0 b\u00f3p ngh\u1eb9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u b\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a mi\u1ec1n Nam v\u00e0 ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u v\u0169 kh\u00ed t\u1eeb ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Trong su\u1ed1t 4 n\u0103m, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t “b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e9p” tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n, b\u1eaft gi\u1eef ho\u1eb7c ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t kho\u1ea3ng 1.500 t\u00e0u v\u01b0\u1ee3t tuy\u1ebfn (blockade runners).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c phong t\u1ecfa n\u00e0y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 kinh t\u1ebf ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u1ee7a mi\u1ec1n Nam. L\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u00f4ng xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u \u2013 “v\u00e0ng tr\u1eafng” c\u1ee7a mi\u1ec1n Nam \u2013 gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ebfn 95%. Thi\u1ebfu h\u1ee5t ngo\u1ea1i t\u1ec7 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ea1m ph\u00e1t phi m\u00e3 (l\u00ean t\u1edbi 9.000% t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 khu v\u1ef1c), v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i mi\u1ec1n Nam r\u01a1i v\u00e0o t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng thi\u1ebfu th\u1ed1n tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng t\u1eeb gi\u00e0y d\u00e9p, qu\u00e2n ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebfn thu\u1ed1c s\u00fang. Cu\u1ed9c phong t\u1ecfa n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y: M\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia d\u00f9 c\u00f3 qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i m\u1ea1nh tr\u00ean b\u1ed9 nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu b\u1ecb c\u00f4 l\u1eadp ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n th\u00ec s\u1ebd t\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 t\u1eeb b\u00ean trong do ki\u1ec7t qu\u1ec7 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean. Cu\u1ed9c bao v\u00e2y bi\u1ebfn chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i to\u00e1n v\u1ec1 h\u1eadu c\u1ea7n v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, n\u01a1i mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc c\u00f3 \u01b0u th\u1ebf tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
3. Leningrad (1941 \u2013 1944): 872 ng\u00e0y “s\u1ed1ng trong \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c”<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Cu\u1ed9c v\u00e2y h\u00e3m Leningrad c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1t x\u00edt \u0110\u1ee9c trong Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn II l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c phong t\u1ecfa \u0111\u1eabm m\u00e1u nh\u1ea5t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Adolf Hitler kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n chi\u1ebfm th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng tr\u1ef1c di\u1ec7n v\u00ec s\u1ee3 t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t qu\u00e2n s\u1ed1 cao; thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng ra l\u1ec7nh x\u00f3a s\u1ed5 n\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng n\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3i v\u00e0 c\u00e1i r\u00e9t, bi\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb v\u0103n h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t h\u1ea7m m\u1ed9 kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Kho\u1ea3ng 2,5 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb k\u1eb9t trong v\u00f2ng v\u00e2y t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y 8\/9\/1941. S\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea khi\u1ebfn c\u1ea3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u00e0ng ho\u00e0ng: kho\u1ea3ng 1 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft, chi\u1ebfm h\u01a1n 1\/3 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3i. V\u00e0o m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t n\u0103m 1941, kh\u1ea9u ph\u1ea7n b\u00e1nh m\u00ec c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n 125 gram\/ng\u00e0y, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u1eeb b\u1ed9t m\u00ec k\u00e9m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u1ed9n v\u1edbi m\u00f9n c\u01b0a v\u00e0 cellulose. Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng -40\u00b0C khi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ecb c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ee9t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Tuy nhi\u00ean, Li\u00ean X\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp “Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng S\u1ed1ng” (Road of Life) b\u0103ng qua h\u1ed3 Ladoga \u0111\u00f3ng b\u0103ng v\u00e0o m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng. C\u00e1c \u0111o\u00e0n xe t\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e3 d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n h\u01a1n 1,5 tri\u1ec7u t\u1ea5n h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a c\u1ee9u tr\u1ee3 d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea1n ph\u00e1o v\u00e0 bom t\u1eeb m\u00e1y bay Luftwaffe. D\u00f9 qu\u00e2n \u0110\u1ee9c n\u00e9m bom li\u00ean t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u00e1o h\u1ea1ng n\u1eb7ng b\u1eafn ph\u00e1 h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y, \u00fd ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Leningrad v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb b\u1ebb g\u00e3y. Cu\u1ed9c bao v\u00e2y k\u1ebft th\u00fac v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 1\/1944, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 s\u1ee9c ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng t\u1ed9t c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a phong t\u1ecfa qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a tinh th\u1ea7n qu\u1eadt kh\u1edfi tr\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ph\u00e1t x\u00edt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
4. Berlin 1948 \u2013 1949: Cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a c\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Sau Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn II, c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng Chi\u1ebfn tranh L\u1ea1nh b\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t khi Li\u00ean X\u00f4 phong t\u1ecfa to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ee7y t\u1eeb v\u00f9ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111i v\u00e0o T\u00e2y Berlin. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a Stalin l\u00e0 c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ee9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac c\u1ee7a h\u01a1n 2 tri\u1ec7u d\u00e2n Berlin nh\u1eb1m bu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y (M\u1ef9, Anh, Ph\u00e1p) ph\u1ea3i r\u00fat lui kh\u1ecfi th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 ho\u1eb7c t\u1eeb b\u1ecf k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00e2y \u0110\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng minh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1p tr\u1ea3 b\u1eb1ng “C\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng Berlin” (Berlin Airlift) \u2013 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch h\u1eadu c\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ec1n kho\u00e1ng h\u1eadu trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. Thay v\u00ec d\u00f9ng v\u0169 l\u1ef1c ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 v\u00f2ng v\u00e2y tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi. Trong g\u1ea7n 1 n\u0103m (322 ng\u00e0y), c\u00e1c m\u00e1y bay \u0111\u1ed3ng minh \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n h\u01a1n 278.000 chuy\u1ebfn bay, v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n h\u01a1n 2,3 tri\u1ec7u t\u1ea5n h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a, t\u1eeb th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m, thu\u1ed1c men \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3 h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m ngh\u00ecn t\u1ea5n than \u0111\u00e1 \u0111\u1ec3 s\u01b0\u1edfi \u1ea5m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
S\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u cho th\u1ea5y c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ef1c l\u1edbn. \u1ede th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m cao nh\u1ea5t, c\u1ee9 m\u1ed7i 45 \u2013 60 gi\u00e2y l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u00e1y bay h\u1ea1 c\u00e1nh ho\u1eb7c c\u1ea5t c\u00e1nh t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c s\u00e2n bay Tempelhof hay Gatow. Chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ef3 t\u00edch k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd. Cu\u1ed9c phong t\u1ecfa th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u00ec s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u1eadu c\u1ea7n v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. N\u00f3 ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng trong k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n, phong t\u1ecfa \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb v\u00f4 hi\u1ec7u h\u00f3a n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
5. Kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng t\u00ean l\u1eeda Cuba 1962<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng t\u00ean l\u1eeda Cuba n\u0103m 1962 \u0111\u01b0a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n k\u1ecbch b\u1ea3n chi\u1ebfn tranh h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n nh\u1ea5t. Khi t\u00ecnh b\u00e1o M\u1ef9 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n Li\u00ean X\u00f4 \u0111ang l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c t\u00ean l\u1eeda \u0111\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea1o t\u1ea7m trung (missiles) c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng mang \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ea1n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1i Cuba. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng John F. Kennedy \u0111\u00e3 ra l\u1ec7nh cho h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n M\u1ef9 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng phong t\u1ecfa (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “quarantine” – t\u1ee9c”c\u00e1ch ly) xung quanh h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
H\u01a1n 100 t\u00e0u chi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9, bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c bi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9i t\u00e0u s\u00e2n bay, \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e0n tr\u1eadn tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n Caribe \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eb7n \u0111\u1ee9ng c\u00e1c t\u00e0u v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4 \u0111ang ch\u1edf th\u00eam v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1. Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00edn th\u1edf trong 13 ng\u00e0y khi c\u00e1c b\u1ec7 ph\u00f3ng t\u00ean l\u1eeda t\u1ea1i Cuba \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng khai h\u1ecfa v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00e0u ng\u1ea7m h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a hai b\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u trong tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ecf. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c phong t\u1ecfa kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch b\u1ecf \u0111\u00f3i d\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 mang t\u00ednh r\u0103n \u0111e chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c cao \u0111\u1ed9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ecfa hi\u1ec7p ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb: Li\u00ean X\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd r\u00fat t\u00ean l\u1eeda kh\u1ecfi Cuba d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean H\u1ee3p Qu\u1ed1c, \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea1i M\u1ef9 cam k\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c Cuba v\u00e0 b\u00ed m\u1eadt r\u00fat c\u00e1c t\u00ean l\u1eeda Jupiter kh\u1ecfi Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
Cu\u1ed9c phong t\u1ecfa n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i t\u00ean l\u1eeda t\u1ea7m xa v\u00e0 v\u0169 kh\u00ed nguy\u00ean t\u1eed, phong t\u1ecfa kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c bao v\u00e2y m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, m\u1ed9t qu\u00e2n b\u00e0i tr\u00ean b\u00e0n c\u1edd chi\u1ebfn tranh l\u1ea1nh c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111o\u1ea1t s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n vong c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 h\u00e0nh tinh. N\u00f3 minh ch\u1ee9ng cho vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n trong vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u00e1c “\u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00f3ng” v\u00e0 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n s\u1ef1 leo thang v\u0169 kh\u00ed h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u1eeb Trung c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, n\u0103m cu\u1ed9c phong t\u1ecfa tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 minh ch\u1ee9ng cho s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a kh\u1ed1c li\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecba ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. N\u1ebfu Constantinople \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u s\u1ef1 l\u00ean ng\u00f4i c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1o binh h\u1ea1ng n\u1eb7ng, th\u00ec K\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch Anaconda v\u00e0 Leningrad l\u1ea1i cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c b\u00f3p ngh\u1eb9t kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 nhu y\u1ebfu ph\u1ea9m. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, Berlin v\u00e0 Cuba m\u1edf ra k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean m\u1edbi n\u01a1i kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n c\u00f9ng s\u1ef1 r\u0103n \u0111e h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng qu\u00e2n b\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111o\u1ea1t s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 h\u00e0nh tinh. D\u00f9 h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i, b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a phong t\u1ecfa v\u1eabn l\u00e0 con dao hai l\u01b0\u1ee1i t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o: v\u1eeba l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 c\u01b0\u1ee1ng ch\u1ebf t\u1ed1i \u01b0u \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n giao tranh tr\u1ef1c di\u1ec7n, v\u1eeba l\u00e0 th\u1ea3m k\u1ecbch nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ea9y th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1edd v\u1ef1c th\u1eb3m. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed cho th\u1ea5y vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u00e1c tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng huy\u1ebft m\u1ea1ch ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c c\u00f3 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ecba chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1eabn m\u00e3i l\u00e0 ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a then ch\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh tr\u00ean ph\u1ea1m vi to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u1eeb Trung c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, n\u0103m cu\u1ed9c phong t\u1ecfa tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 minh ch\u1ee9ng cho s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a kh\u1ed1c li\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecba ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1235,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3,25],"tags":[193],"class_list":["post-1234","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-chinh-tri","category-hoa-ky","tag-hoang-anh-tuan"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/diendanduytan.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1234","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/diendanduytan.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/diendanduytan.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/diendanduytan.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/diendanduytan.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1234"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/diendanduytan.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1234\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1236,"href":"https:\/\/diendanduytan.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1234\/revisions\/1236"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/diendanduytan.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/1235"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/diendanduytan.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1234"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/diendanduytan.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1234"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/diendanduytan.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1234"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}